语用学级期末深刻复习思考题.docx

语用学级期末深刻复习思考题.docx

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语用学级期末深刻复习思考题

I.PutthefollowingEnglishtermsintoChinese.（1'×10＝10'）

所指对象referent

所指论Referentialtheory

专有名词propername

普通名词commonnouns

固定的指称记号rigiddesignators

指称词语deixicalitems

确定性描述语definitedescriptions

编码时间coding-time

变异性variability

表示反复的词语iterative

表述句constative

补救策略redressivestrategies

不可分离性non-detachability

不确定性indeterminacy

不使用补救策略，赤裸裸地公开施行面子威胁行baldonrecordwithoutredressiveactions

阐述类言语行为representatives

承诺类言语行为commissives

指令类言语行为directives

表达类言语行为expressives,

宣告类言语行为declarations

诚意条件sinceritycondition

次要言外行为secondaryillocutionaryact

等级含义scalarimplicature

等级划分法ratingscales

副语言特征paralinguisticfeatures

非公开施行面子威胁行为offrecord

非规约性non-conventionality

非规约性意义non-conventionalimplicature

非论证性的non-demonstrative

非自然意义non-naturalmeaning（meaning-nn）

否定测试法negationtest

符号学semiotics

构成性规则constitutiverules

古典格莱斯会话含义理论ClassicalGriceantheoryofconversationalimplicature

关联论RelevanceTheory

关联原则PrincipleofRelevance

归属性用法attributiveuse

规约性含义conventionalimplicature　

人际修辞interpersonalrhetoric

篇章修辞textualrhetoric

含蓄动词implicativeverbs

合适条件felicityconditions

呼语vocatives

互相显映mutuallymanifest

会话含义conversationalimplicature

话语层次策略utterance-levelstrategy

积极面子positiveface

间接言语行为indirectspeechacts

间接指令indirectdirectives

结语upshots

交际意图communicativeintention

可撤销性cancellability

可废弃性defeasibility

可推导性calculability

跨文化语用失误cross-culturalpragmaticfailure

跨文化语用学cross-culturalpragmatics

命题内容条件propositionalcontentcondition

面子保全论Face-savingTheory

面子论FaceTheory

面子威胁行为FaceThreateningActs（FTAs）

蔑视flouting

明示ostensive

明示－推理模式ostensive-inferentialmodel　　

摹状词理论Descriptions

粘合程度scaleofcohesion

篇章指示discoursedeixis

前提presupposition　　

前提语presuppositiontrigger

强加的绝对级别absoluterankingofimposition

确定谈话目的establishingthepurposeoftheinteraction

确定言语事件的性质establishingthenatureofthespeechevent

确定性描述语definitedescriptions

认知语用学cognitivepragmatics

上下文co-text

社会语用迁移sociopragmatictransfer

社交语用失误sociopragmaticfailure

施为句performative

省力原则theprincipleofleasteffort

实情动词factiveverbs

适从向directionoffit

手势型用法gesturalusage

首要言外行为primaryillocutionaryact

双重或数重语义模糊pragmaticbivalence/plurivalence

顺应的动态性dynamicsofadaptability

顺应性adaptability

语境关系的顺应（contextualcorrelatesofadaptability）、

语言结构的顺应（structuralobjectsofadaptability）、

顺应的动态性（dynamicsofadaptability）和

顺应过程的意识程度（salienceoftheadaptationprocesses）。

说话人经济原则speaker’seconomy　

损－惠等级cost-benefitscale

所表达的心理状态expressedpsychologicalstate

所指reference

所指对象referent

特殊性会话含义particularizedconversationalimplicature　

条件性的双重言外行为conditionalbivalentillocutionaryact

调节性规则regulativerules

投射问题projectionproblem　　　　

推理论inferencetheory

推理模式inferentialmodel

文学语用学literarypragmatics

问卷调查questionnaire

习语论idiomtheory

显性施为句explicitperformatives

显映manifest

限定语篇长度策略space-makingstrategies

相对权势relativepower

相邻对adjacencypair

象征型用法symbolicusage

小句含义clausalimplicature

协商性negotiability

新格莱斯会话含义理论Neo-Griceanpragmatictheoriesofconversationalimplicature

新格莱斯语用学机制Neo-Griceanpragmaticapparatus

心理表征mentalrepresentation

信息意图informativeintention　　　　

行事动词performativeverb

宣告类言语行为declarations

言后行为perlocutionaryact

言内行为locutionaryact

言外行为illocutionaryact

言外之的illocutionarypoint

言外之力illocutionaryforce

言外之力显示手段illocutionaryforceindicatingdevices（IFIDs）

言语事件speechevents

言语行为speechact

一般性会话含义generalizedconversationalimplicature

意义sense

因果的、历史的所指论CausalorHistoricalChainsTheory

隐性施为句implicitperformatives

优先结构preferencestructure

语际语语用学interlanguagepragmatics

语境context

语境关系的顺应contextualcorrelatesofadaptability

语码模式codemodel

语篇标示discoursalindicator

语篇性语用模糊discoursalambivalence

语言顺应论AdaptationTheory

语言结构的顺应structuralobjectsofadaptability

语言能力linguisticcompetence

语义学semantics

语用模糊pragmaticambivalence

语用能力pragmaticcompetence

语用迁移pragmatictransfer

语用失误pragmaticfailure

语用语言迁移pragmalinguistictransfer

语用语言失误pragmalinguisticfailure

语用语言学pragmalinguistics

与事实相反的条件句counterfactualconditionals　　　　

蕴涵、推涵、衍推entailment

期待的第二部分preferredsecondpart

预先的元语用评论语prospectiveMPCs

再表述reformulations

指号designator

指令类言语行为directives

追溯性的元语用评论retrospectiveMPCs

指示投射deicticprojection

指示语/指示性词语deicticexpressions

指示性用法referentialuse

指示中心deicticcenter

准备条件preparatorycondition

着重受话人的元语用评论addressee-orientedmetapragmaticcomments（A-MPCs）

着重说话人的元语用评论speaker-orientedmetapragmaticcomments（S-MPCs）

自然意义naturalmeaning

自我中心性egocentricity

最大关联maximalrelevance

最佳关联optimalrelevance

配对比较pairedcomparison

卡片分类cardsorting

等级划分ratingscales

开放性面谈openinterview

引发法elicitation

II.Fillintheblankswithaproperwordorwords.（2'×10＝20'）

1.HowdidMorrisdistinguishthreeaspectsofsemioticinquiry?

TheuseofthetermisusuallyattributedtotwoAmericanphilosophersC.MorrisandR.Carnap,whofirstintroducedtheterm‘pragmatics’intheirstudyofsemioticsinthe1930s.Morrisdistinguishedthreeaspectsofsemioticinquiry,i.e.syntactics（orsyntax）,beingthestudyofthe‘formalrelationofsignstooneanother’,semantics,thestudyofthe‘relationofsignstotheobjectstowhichthesignsareapplicable,andpragmatics,thestudyof‘therelationofsignstointerpreters.’

2.WhatarethetwomostimportantnotionsinPragmatics?

3.HowdoesP.Gricedistinguishmeanings?

TheAmericanphilosopherP.Gricedistinguishesbetweenwhathecallsnaturalmeaning（meaning-n）andnon-naturalmeaning（meaning-nn）.Thetwotermsparallel‘sentencemeaning’and‘speakermeaning’.

4.WhatdistinctiondidFregemakein1952?

TheGermanphilosopherFrege（1952）isgenerallycreditedwiththedistinctionbetweenthereferenceofalinguisticexpression,‘thattowhichthesignrefers’,anditssense,aninterpretationofthesign,providedbythegrammarofthelanguage.

5.Whatarethetwomajorphilosophicaltheoriesaboutreference?

referentialtheoryofnamesandcausal-historicaltheory

6.Whatarethe2distinctusesofdefinitedescriptions?

K.S.Donnellan（1966:

285-286）calledattentiontowhathecalledthe‘referentialuse,’asopposedtothe‘attributiveuse,’ofadefinitedescription.

7.Howmanytypesofdeicticexpressionsarethere?

Whatarethey?

DeicticexpressionsinEnglishareusuallyclassifiedintofivemaintypes:

persondeixis,spatialdeixis,temporaldeixis,socialdeixis,anddiscoursedeixis.

8.Whatarethetwodifferentusesofdeicticexpressions?

Therearebasicallytwodifferentusesofdeicticexpressions.Theyarecalledgesturalusageandsymbolicusagerespectively.

12.WhatarethetwocategoriesofutterancesdidAustindistinguish?

Austindistinguishedtwocategoriesofutterances,whichhereferredtorespectivelyas‘constatives’and‘performatives.’

9.WhomadethegreatestcontributiontoSpeechActTheoryinthepost-Austinianage?

MostofthecontributionstoSpeechActTheoryinthepost-AustinianageareascribedtotheAmericanphilosopher-linguistJohnSearle.

10.WhatdistinctiondidSearlemakeaboutanutterance?

Searlemadethedistinctionbetweentheillocutionaryactandthepropositionalcontentofanutterance.

11.WhatdidIFIDstandfor?

AccordingtoSearle,IFIDstoodforillocutionaryforceindicatingdevices.

12.WhatarethetwotypesofrulesthatgovernthelinguisticcommunicationaccordingtoSearle?

Searledistinguishestwobasictypesofrules,i.e.regulativerulesandconstitutiverules.

13.Whatarethethreemostimportantdimensionsofvariationinwhichillocutionaryactsdifferfromoneanother?

BasedonhiscriticismofAustin’sclassification,Searlepresentedhistaxonomyofillocutionaryacts.Hefirstofallspecified12dimensionsofvariationinwhichillocutionaryactsdifferfromoneanother.Themostimportantofthemarethefollowingthree:

illocutionarypoint,directionoffit,andexpressedpsychologicalstate.

14.WhatarethefivetypesofillocutionaryspeechactsthatidentifiedSearle’staxonomy?

ItismainlybasedonthesethreedimensionsofdifferencethatSearlebuildshistaxonomy,whichidentifiesfivetypesofillocutionaryspeechacts:

（1）assertives/representatives，

（2）directives，（3）commissives，（4）expressives，（5）declarations.

15.WhatdidJennyThomasthinkofindirectlanguageas?

Comparedwithdirectlanguage,indirectlanguageis‘costlyandrisky.’

16.Searlebelievedthatinperformingindirectspeechacts,thereexisttwospeechacts.Whatarethey?

Inperformingindirectspeechacts,twospeechactsinsteadofoneareinvolved,i.e.primaryillocutionaryactandsecondaryillocutionaryact.

17.WhatistheimpliedmeaningtermedinGrice’stheory.

TheimpliedmeaningistermedconversationalimplicatureinGrice’stheory.

18.Whatarethemostimportantpropertiesofconversationalimplicature?

Calculability,cancellabilityordefeasibility,nondetachability,non-conventionality,indeterminacy

19.WhatdoSperberandWisonapplytolanguageunderstanding?

SperberandWisonapplycognitivepsychologyandmonetaryeconomicstolanguageunderstanding,

20.WhatarethetwomodelsthatOstensive-InferentialModelbaseon?

语码模式（CodeModel）和推理模式（InferentialModel）

21.Whatisrelevancedefinedintermsof?

Relevanceisdefinedintermsofcontextualeffectandprocessingeffort.

22.WhatarethemostimportantnotionsthatRelevanceTheoryfocuson?

cognitionandcommunication

23.Whatarethemostinfluentialonesinthepragmaticstudiesofpoliteness?

Inthepragmaticstudiesofpoliteness,themostinfluentialareLeech’sPolitenessPrincipleandBrown&Levinson’spolitenessstrategies.

24.Whatarethefactorsthatmeasuretheweightinessofaface-threateningact?

Theweig