高考英语真题分类 C第一部分阅读理解考点3 生态环保类带答案.docx

高考英语真题分类 C第一部分阅读理解考点3 生态环保类带答案.docx

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高考英语真题分类C第一部分阅读理解考点3生态环保类带答案

第一部分阅读理解

考点3生态环保类

一、（2018年北京卷）C

Plastic-EatingWorms

Humansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear．Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills（垃圾填埋场），andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans．Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit，butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms．

ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene，whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics．Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours，andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams，oralmost3%ofit．Toconfirmthattheworms’chewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown，theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste（糊状物）andappliedittoplasticfilms．14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass—apparentlybrokendownbyenzymes（酶）fromtheworms’stomachs．TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiologyin2017．

FedericaBertocchini，co-authorofthestudy，saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic．＂Waxisacomplexmixture，butthebasicbondinpolyethylene，thecarbon-carbonbond，isthereaswell，＂sheexplains，＂Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond．＂

JenniferDeBruyn，amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee，whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy，saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene．Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies，shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting．Thenextstep，DeBruynsays，willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown．Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes（肠道微生物）?

Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam’sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills．Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply＂millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic．＂

43．Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?

A．Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood．

B．Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures．

C．Theycanconsumeplastics．

D．Theywindupinlandfills．

44．AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn，thenextstepofthestudyisto．

A．identifyothermeansofthebreakdown

B．findoutthesourceoftheenzyme

C．confirmtheresearchfindings

D．increasethebreakdownspeed

45．Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight．

A．helptoraiseworms

B．helpmakeplasticbags

C．beusedtocleantheoceans

D．beproducedinfactoriesinfuture

46．Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?

A．Toexplainastudymethodonworms．

B．Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm．

C．Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics．

D．Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance．

二、（2018年6月浙江卷）B

StevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucks．Hisstrangehabitmakessensewhenyouconsiderthathe’sanenvironmentalscientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitter,includingthingsthatfalloffgarbagetrucksastheydrivedowntheroad．Whatisevenmoreinterestingisthatoneof Stein'sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbags．

Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear．Somanyendupintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts（收银台）．Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia,includingLosAngeles．Eyeingtheseheadwinds,plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslike Stein to makethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume．

Amongthebagmakers'argument：

manycitieswithbansstillallowshoppers to purchasepaperbags,whichareeasilyrecycledbutrequiremoreenergy to produceandtransport．Andwhileplasticbagsmaybeugly to lookat,theyrepresentasmallpercentageofall garbage onthegroundtoday．

Theindustryhasalsotakenaimattheproductthathasappearedasitsreplacement：

reusableshoppingbags．Thestrongerareusablebagis,thelongeritslifeandthemoreplastic-baguseitcancelsout．However,longer-lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergy to make．Onestudyfoundthatacottonbagmustbeusedatleast131timestobebetterfortheplanetthanplastic．

Environmentalistsdon'tdispute（质疑）thesepoints．Theyhopepaperbagswillbebannedsomedaytooandwantshoppers to usethesamereusablebagsforyears．

24．WhathasStevenSteinbeenhiredtodo?

A．Helpincreasegrocerysales．

B．Recyclethewastematerial．

C．Stopthingsfallingofftrucks．

D．Arguefortheuseofplasticbags．

25．Whatdoestheword“headwinds”inparagraph2referto?

A．Bansonplasticbags．

B．Effectsofcitydevelopment．

C．Headachescausedbygarbage．

D．Plasticbagshungintrees．

26．Whatisadisadvantageofreusablebagsaccordingtoplastic-bagmakers?

A．Theyarequiteexpensive．

B．Replacingthemcanbedifficult．

C．Theyarelessstrongthanplasticbags．

D．Producingthemrequiresmoreenergy．

27．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A．Plastic,PaperorNeither

B．Industry,PollutionandEnvironment

C．RecycleorThrowAway

D．GarbageCollectionandWasteControl

三、（2017年11月浙江卷）C

Thereareenergysavingstobemadefromallrecyclablematerials，sometimeshugesavings．Recyclingplasticsandaluminum，forinstance，usesonly5%tol0%asmuchenergy

asproducingnewplasticorsmelting（提炼）aluminum．

Longbeforemostofusevennoticedwhatwenowcall"theenvironment，"BuckminsterFullersaid，"Pollutionisnothingbuttheresources（资源）wearenotharvesting．Weallowthemtobeleftaroundbecausewe'vebeenignorantoftheirvalue．"Totakeoneexample，let'scomparethethrowawayeconomy（经济）witharecyclingeconomyaswefeedacatforlife．

Sayyourcatweighs5kgandeatsonecanoffoodeachday．Eachemptycanofitsfoodweighs40g．Inathrowawayeconomy，youwouldthrowaway5,475cansoverthecat's15–yearlifetime．That's219kgofsteel–morethanafifthofatonandmorethan40timesthecat'sweight．

Inarecyclingeconomy，wewouldmakeonesetof100canstostartwith，thenreplacethemoverandoveragainwithrecycledcans．Sincealmost3%ofthemetalislostduringreprocessing，we'dhavetomakeanextra10canseachyear．Butinall，only150canswillbeusedupoverthecat'slifetime–andwe'llstillhave100leftoverforthenextcat．

Insteadofusingup219kgofsteel，we'veusedonly6kg．Andbecausetheprocessofrecyclingsteelislesspollutingthanmakingnewsteel，we'vealsoachievedthefollowingsignificantsavings:

inenergyuse–47%to74%；inairpollution–85%；inwaterpollution–35%；inwateruse–40%．

28．WhatdoesBuckminsterFullersayaboutpollution?

A．Itisbecomingmoreserious．

B．Itdestroystheenvironment．

C．Itbenefitstheeconomy．

D．Itistheresourcesyettobeused．

29．Howmanycanswillbeusedupinacat's15–yearlifetimeinarecyclingeconomy?

A．50．B．100．C．150．D．250．

30．Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?

A．Topromotetheideaofrecycling．

B．Tointroduceanenvironmentalist．

C．Todiscussthecausesofpollution．

D．Todefendthethrowawayeconomy．

四、（2017年新课标卷Ⅲ）

Afteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark．FourteenwolveswerecaughtinCanadaandtransportedtothepark．Bylastyear,theYellowstonewolfpopulationhadgrowntomorethan170wolves．

GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedStates,buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment．Bythe1920s,wolveshadpracticallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea．TheywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsofCanada,wheretherewerefewerhumansaround．

Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults．Deerandelkpopulations—majorfoodsources（来源）forthewolf–grewrapidly．Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation（植被）,whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark．Intheabsenceofwolves,coyotepopulationsalsogrewquickly．Thecoyoteskilledalargepercentageofthepark’sredfoxes,andcompletelydroveawaythepark’sbeavers．

Asearlyas1966,biologistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderreintroducingwolvestoYellowstonePark．Theyhopedthatwolveswouldbeabletocontroltheelkandcoyoteproblems．Manyfarmersopposedtheplanbecausetheyfearedthatwolveswouldkilltheirfarmanimalsorpets．

Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingupwithaplantoreintroducethewolvers．TheU．S．FishandWildlifeServicecarefullymonitorsandmanagesthewolfpacksinYellowstone．Today，thedebatecontinuesoverhowwellthegraywolfisfittinginatYellowstone．Elk，deer，andcoyotepopulationsaredown，whilebeaversandredfoxeshavemadeacomeback．TheYellowstonewolfprojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewhethertoreintroducewolvestootherpartsofthecountryaswell．

28．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A．WildliferesearchintheUnitedStates．

B．PlantdiversityintheYellowstonearea．

C．Theconflictbetweenfarmersandgraywolves．

D．ThereintroductionofwolvestoYellowstonePark．

29．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“displaced”inparagraph2mean?

A．Tested．B．Separated．C．Forcedout．D．Trackeddown．

30．Whatdidthedisappearanceofgraywolvesbringabout？

A．Damagetolocalecology．B．Adeclineinthepark’sincome．

C．Preservationofvegetation．D．Anincreaseinthevarietyofanimals．

31．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheYellowstonewolfproject？

A．Doubtful．B．Positive．C．Disapproving．D．Uncaring．

五、（2017年江苏卷）

OldProblem，NewApproaches

Whilecleanenergyisincreasinglyusedinourdailylife，globalwarningwillcontinueforsomedecadesafterCO2emissions（排放）peak．Soevenifemissionsweretobegintodecreasetoday，wewouldstillface