高一M3M4电子文档.docx

高一M3M4电子文档.docx

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高一M3M4电子文档

Fog

Forwarning

WhenPollylefthomethatmorning,thecitywasalreadycoveredinagreymist.Atlunch,theradioforecastthatthemistwouldbecomeathickfogintheafternoon.Atfouro’clock,Pollylefthomeandsteppedoutintothefog.Shewonderedifthebuseswouldstillberunning.

NobusestoKingStreet

Onceoutinthestreet,shewalkedquicklytowardsherusualstop.“Howfarareyougoing?

”thebusconductoraskedherbeforehetookherfare.“KingStreet,”saidPolly.

“Sorry,Miss,”repliedtheman,“thetruthisthatitistoofoggyforthebustorunthatfar.TaketheundergroundtoGreenPark.Theweathermightbebetterthereandyoumightbeabletogetataxi.

Atallman

AsPollyobservedthepassengersonthetrain,shehadafeelingthatshewasbeingwatchedbyatallmaninadarkovercoat.AtlastthetrainarrivedatGreenParkstation.Whiletherestofthepassengersweregettingout,sheglancedatthefacesaroundher.Thetallmanwasnowheretobeseen.

Footsteps

WhenPollygottothetrainentrance,itwasempty.Outside,wherevershelookedthefoglaylikeathick,greycloud.Therewasnooneinsight.PollysetofftowardsParkStreet.Asshewalkedalongthenarrowstreet,sheheardthesoundoffootstepsapproaching,butbythetimeshereachedthecornerofthestreet,thefootstepsweregone.SuddenlyPollyfeltaroughhandbrushhercheek,andsheheardaman’svoiceinherearsaying“sorry.”Themanmovedaway.Shecouldfeelherheartbeatingwithfear.

Thehelpfulstranger

Thensheheardthesoundagain----softfootstepsbehindher.Aminutebefore,shehadwishedforsomeonetocomealong.Nowshewantedtorun,butfearheldherstill.Thefootstepsseemedclosenow.Thenaman’svoicecameoutofthedarkness.“Isanybodythere?

”

Pollyhesitated.Atlastsheanswered,“Hello,IthinkIamlost.”

Afewsecondslater,ahandreachedoutandgraspedherarm.Pollyfoundherselfstaringupatthefaceofanoldmanwithabeard.

“MaybeIcanhelpyou.Whichroaddoyouwant?

”heasked.

“Iliveat86KingStreet,”Pollyreplied.

“Justtakemyhand,”saidtheman.“Comewithme.Youwillbeallright.”HetookPolly’shand.“Watchoutforthestephere.”

Inhisotherhandthemancarriedastick.Pollyheardithitthestep.“Icanremembersometerriblefogs,butmaybethatwasbeforeyourtime.Ican’tseeyourface,butyousoundyoung.Howoldareyou?

”

“Justtwenty,”answeredPolly.

“Ah,twenty!

Aniceagetobe.Iwasyoungonce.Nowweareatthcrossroads.Turnlefthere.”

“Iamquitelostnow.Areyousureyouknowtheway?

”Pollywasbeginningtofeelfrightenedagain.

“Ofcourse.Youreallyshouldn’tfeelanxious.”Heheldherhandmorefirmly.

Thegratefulhelper

“Hereweare.KingStreet.”Hestopped.

“Thankyousomuchforcomingtomyaid,”saidPollyinrelief.“Wouldyouliketocomeinandrestforawhile?

”

“It’sveryniceofyou,”saidtheman,“butI’llbeoff.Theremaybemorepeoplelosttoday,andI’dliketohelpthem.Yousee,afogthisbadisrare.Itgivesmethechancetopaybackthehelpthatpeoplegivemewhenitissunny.Ablindpersonlikemecan’tgetacrosstheroadwithouthelp,exceptafoglikethis.”

（AdaptedfromFogandOtherStories,OxfordProgressiveEnglishReaders@OxfordUniversityPress1992.）

Englishanditshistory

Allthroughhistory,peoplefrommanydifferentcountriesandcultureshavelivedtogetherinBritain.TheEnglishlanguageismadeupofthegrammarandvocabularythesepeoplebroughttoBritain.ThatiswhyEnglishhassomanydifficultrulesthatconfusepeople.

OldEnglish

OldEnglishisverydifferentfromtheEnglishwespeaknowadays.Infact,wewouldnotbeabletounderstanditifweheardittoday.Beforethemiddleofthe5thcentury,peopleinBritainallspokealanguagecalledCeltic.ThentwoGermanicgroupsfromtheEuropeanmainland----theAnglesandtheSaxons----occupiedBritain.OldEnglishconsistedofamixtureoftheirlanguages.（BoththeEnglishlanguageandtheEnglishpeoplearenamedaftertheAngles;thewordAnglewasspeltEngleinoldEnglish.）AsidefromplacenamessuchasLondon,veryfewCelticwordsbecamepartofOldEnglish.Attheendofthe9thcentury,theVikings,peoplefromNorthernEuropeancountriessuchasDenmarkandNorway,begantomovetoBritain.Theybroughtwiththemtheirlanguages,whichalsomixedwithOldEnglish.Bythe10thcentury,OldEnglishhadbecometheofficiallanguageofEngland.

WhenwespeakEnglishtoday,wesometimesfeelpuzzledaboutwhichwordsorphrasestouse.ThisisbecauseEnglishhasmanywordsandphrasesfromdifferentlanguages,butwithsimilarmeanings.Forexample,thewordsickcamefromawordonceusedbytheAnglesandtheSaxons,whileillcamefromawordonceusedbytheNorwegians.

MiddleEnglish

MiddleEnglishisthenamegiventotheEnglishusedfromaroundthe12thtothe15thcenturies.ManythingsplayedapartinthedevelopmentofthisnewtypeofEnglish.ThemostimportantcontributionwasfromtheNormans,aFrench-speakingpeoplewhodefeatedEnglandandtookcontrolofthecountryin1066.However,theNormanConquestdidnotaffectEnglishasmuchastheAnglesandtheSaxon’svictoryabout600yearsearlier,whichledtoOldEnglishreplacingCeltic.EventhoughtheNormansspokeFrenchfortheentire250yearswhentheyruledEngland,FrenchdidnotreplaceEnglishasthefirstlanguage.Ontheotherhand,theEnglishlanguagedidborrowmanywordsfromFrench.Thisresultedinevenmorewordswithsimilarmeanings,suchasanswer（fromOldEnglish）andreply（fromOldFrench）.Itisinterestingtolearnhowthewordsforanimalsandmeatdeveloped.AftertheNormanConquest,manyEnglishpeopleworkedasservantswhoraisedanimals.Therefore,thewordsweuseformostanimalsraisedforfood,suchascow,sheepandpig,camefromOldEnglish.However,thewordsforthemeatoftheseanimals,whichwasservedtotheNormans,camefromOldFrench:

beef,mutton,porkandbacon.

OldFrenchmadeothercontributionstoMiddleEnglishaswell.InOldEnglish,theGermanicwayofmakingwordspluralwasused.Forexample,theysaidhouseninsteadofhouses,andshoeninsteadofshoes.AftertheNormanstookcontrol,theybeganusingtheFrenchwayofmakingplurals,addingan–stohouseandshoe.OnlyafewwordskepttheirGermanicpluralforms,suchasman/menandchild/children.

AftertheNormanConquest,high-classpeoplespokeFrenchwhilecommonpeoplespokeEnglish.However,bythelatterhalfofthe14thcentury,EnglishhadcomeintowidespreaduseamongallclassesinEngland.In1399,HenryIVbecameKingofEngland.HismothertonguewasEnglish,andheusedEnglishforallofficialevents.

ModernEnglish

ModernEnglishappearedduringtheRenaissanceinthe16thcentury.Becauseofthis,ModernEnglishincludesmanyLatinandGreekwords.Pronunciationalsowentthroughhugechangesduringthisperiod.Ofcourse,thiswasnottheendofthechangesintheEnglishlanguage.ThequestionofwhetherEnglishwillkeeponchanginginthefutureiseasytoanswer.Itiscertainthatthisprocesswillcontinue,andpeoplewillkeepinventingnewwordsandnewwaysofsayingthings.

Lostcivilizations

Day1,15July

Ifeelluckytohavewonaplaceonthistrip.WeareinItalynow,andtomorrowwearevisitingPompeii.NextweekweareflyingtoChina,andgoingtoLoulan,whichisknownasChina’sPompeiiinthedesert.BothPompeiiandLoulanbecamelostcivilizationslongago.

Day2,16July

ThismorningweattendedalectureaboutPompeii.Thecitywasfoundedinthe8thcenturyBC.In89BC,theRomanstookoverPompeii.Itthenbecamearichandbusycity.Nearthecitywasavolcano.On24AugustAD79,thevolcanoeruptedandlava,ashandrockspouredoutofitontothesurroundingcountryside.Itcontinuedtoeruptforthenexttwodays.Manypeoplewereburiedalive,andsowasthecity.Howunfortunate!

Day3,17July

TodayIsawtheancientRomancityofPompeiiasitwas2,000yearsago.Howamazing!

Thecitywasforgottenformanyyearsuntilthe18thcenturywhenafarmerdiscoveredastonewithwritingonit.Peoplestartedtodigintheareafortreasure,whichcausedmuchdamage.Thus,in1860,theareawasputundergovernmentprotectionsoitcouldbepreservedandstudied.

WhenIwalkedaroundthecity,Iwaystreetsjustastheyhadbeen,withsteppingstonesalongtheroadsoyoudidnothavetostepinthemudonrainydays!

Isawseveralhouseswhichweredecoratedwithwallpaintings.Ialsosawthepeoplewhohadbeenburiedalive.Itturnsoutthataftertheashcoveredthepeoplewhofailedtofleethecity,theirbodiesnearlycompletelybrokedownanddisappeared,leavingemptyspacesintheash.Yearslater,researcherswereabletousetheseemptyspacestoproducetrue-to-lifefiguresofthepeoplewhohaddiedinthedisaster.YoucanseethemtodayinPompeii,inthesameplaceswherethepeoplefell.Thevolcanoisstillthere,butlooksveryquietnow.Itishardtoimaginehowthispeacefulvolcanodestroyedthewholecity!

Day10,24July

Finally,wearrivedinLoulanafterseveraldaysoftraveling.Thiscommercialcitywasbusyandwealthyabout2,000yearsago.ItwasastoppingpointonthefamousSilkRoadbetweentheEastandtheWest.ItisbelievedtohavebeengraduallycoveredoverbysandstormsfromAD200toAD400.Iamsoexcitedtobehere!

Day11,25July

Ascholarfromthelocalculturalinstitute,ProfessorZhang,toldusthataroundtheyear1990theEuropeanexplorerSvenHedindiscoveredtheruinsoftheLoulanKingdom.Svenfoundtheremainsofbuildingsburiedbeneaththesand,togetherwithalotoftreasures,includingcoins,paintedpots,materialsucha