英语写作修辞手法FIGURESOFSPEECH.docx
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英语写作修辞手法FIGURESOFSPEECH
课堂笔记<复习资料)
笔者:
大二学生就读于宁波工程学院
大学课程:
英语写作
任课老师:
黄忠伟
§FiguresOfSpeech
▲Simile.
○Whatisit?
·Clarifyandenhanceanimage.
○Patterns.
·Tenor+comparativeword+vehicle.
·Subject+comparativeword+reference.
·AistoBwhatCistoD.
○Examples.
·Readingistothemindwhatexerciseistothebody.b5E2RGbCAP
·Whatsculptureistoablockofmarble,educationistothesoul.p1EanqFDPw
·Ahomewithoutloveisnomorethanabodywithoutasoul.DXDiTa9E3d
·Loveandcoughcannotbehid.
·Truthandroseshavethornsaboutthem.
·Whoistoblamebuthertyrantofafather.
·Adoctormusthavetheheartofalionandahandofalady.RTCrpUDGiT
▲Metaphor.
○Pattern.
·AisB.
○Examples.
·Educationisnotthefillingofapail,butthelightingoffire.5PCzVD7HxA
·Theboywolfeddownthefood.
·Somebooksaretobetasted.
·Thepolicemanmovedmeoutofthesnackoftraffic.jLBHrnAILg
▲Metonymy.
○Whatisit?
·Onethingforanother。
association.
○Examples.
·Whatitlearnedinthecradleiscarriedtothegrave.xHAQX74J0X
·Shehastheeyeforthefairandthebeautiful.
·ScepterandCrown.
·ScytheandSpade.
▲Parody.
○Examples.
·Ihavenooutlook,butanuplook.Mypleaseinthesocietywasatthebottom.LDAYtRyKfE
·Afriendinneedisafriendtobeavoided.
·Fallinlove.
·Walkinlove.
·Wherethereisawill,thereisareality.(Original:
Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.>Zzz6ZB2Ltk
·Tolieornottolie------thedoctor'sdilemma.
▲Personification.
○Examples.
·Theraintothewindsaid./"YoupushandI'llpelt."dvzfvkwMI1
·Slangisalanguagethattakesoffitscoat,spitsonitshands,andgoestowork.rqyn14ZNXI
▲Onomatopoeia.
○Examples.
·Daisstartedlaughing.
·Daisstartedgigging.
▲Euphemism.
○Examples.
·Undertheweather.
·Joinone'sancestors.
·Advancedinage.
·Runone'sraces.
▲Hyperbole/Overstatement.
○Examples.
·Aseaoftroubles.
▲Understatement.
▲Parallelism.
○Examples.
·Sowasitwhenmylifebegan./SoisitnowIamaman./SobeitwhenIshallgrowold.EmxvxOtOco
▲Contrast.
○Examples.
·Letusnevernegotiateoutoffear,butletusneverfeartonegotiate.SixE2yXPq5
▲Antithesis.
○Examples.
·Givemeliberty,orgivemedeath.
·Thelifeofthewolfisthedeathofthelamb.
▲Oxymoron.
○Examples.
·Painfulpleasure.
·Livingdeath.
·Poorrichguys.
·Falselytrue.
·Shinedarkly.
·Love-haterelationship.
▲Pun.
○Examples.
·Wemusthangtogether,orweshallhangseparately.6ewMyirQFL
·Sevendayswithoutwatermakeoneweek.(week------weak>kavU42VRUs
·Makeyoureveryhelloarealgood-buy.(good-buy------good-bye>y6v3ALoS89
▲Zeugma.
○Examples.
·Sheopenedthedoorandherhearttothehomelessboy.M2ub6vSTnP
▲Allusion.
○Examples.
·TheheelofAchilles.
·Opensesame.
·Cinderella.
·Figleaf.
·TowerofBible.
▲Irony.
▲TransferredEpithet.
○Examples.
·Asleeplessbed.
·Adizzyheight.
·Asweetvoice.
·Aicylook.
▲Climax.
○Examples.
·Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.
▲Anticlimax.
○Examples.
·ForGod,forAmerica,andforYale.
▲Alliteration.
○Examples.
·Moneymakesthemarego.
·Prideandprejudice.
§Sentence
▲Unity.
○Onecentralidea.
▲Coherence.
○Subject-VerbAgreement.
○Run-onSentence.
○SentenceFragment.
○DanglingModifier.
○FaultyParallelism.
▲Conciseness.
○Unnecessarywords.
○Unnecessaryrepetition.
○Sentencestructure,
▲Emphasis.
○Shortsentence.
○Balancedsentence.
·Negative-positivestatements.
·Rhetoricalquestions.
·Climacticsequence.
·Subordination.
·Emphaticwordsorphases.
·Repeating.
·Theuseofverbs.
▲Variety.
■连贯性
○主、从句主语一致.
○单复数.
○时态.(intense.>
○语气(主、被动>.(invoice.>
○虚拟语气.
○祈使句:
一般省略的主语是YOU.改错时应注意主语.
○Emphasis:
theuseofverbs.(intheactivevoice。
short------strong.>0YujCfmUCw
·Makeadecision。
atthesightof.
·Decide。
see.
○写作:
长短句相间.appealtomen’ssenses.
▲Loose,PeriodicandBalancedSentences.
○ShedecidedtostudyEnglishthoughshewasinterestedinmusic.(松散句>eUts8ZQVRd
○Althoughshewasinterestedinmusic,shedecidedtostudyEnglish.(圆周句>sQsAEJkW5T
§Paragraph
Aparagraphisaunit.
▲Theform.
○首行缩进.
○纸张左右空白
○Donotbeginwitheverysentence.
○段落长短由内容决定.
▲Kinds.
○topical
○special
·introductory
·transitional
·conclusion
■Anintroductoryparagraphintroducesthesubject,narrowsitdown,andstatestheessay’sthesis.GMsIasNXkA
■IntroductionDos.
·Askaquestion.(Onequestion.>
·Relateanincident.
·Useavividquotation.
·Providebackground.
■Wecanbeginintheintroductoryparagraphwith
·Observation.
·Quotation.
·Ananalogycontrast.
·Aquestion.
·Arelevantstoryoranecdote.
·Aninterestingfactualstatementorpointofview.TIrRGchYzg
·Adefinition.
■FunctionsofConcludingParagraph.
·summarize.
·concise.
·welldeveloped.
■ConclusionDos.
·Strikeanoteofhopeordesire.
·Giveasymbolicorpowerfulfactordetail.
·Recommendacourseofaction.
·UseaQuotation.(noresearch.>
·Reflectontheimplicationsofthethesis.
·Drawaconclusionbasedupontheevidenceoftheessay.7EqZcWLZNX
■Wecanendintheconcludingparagraphwith
·Asignificantquotationwhichsupportsthethesis.lzq7IGf02E
·Aquestion.
·Aprophecyorawarning.
·Aforcefulrestatementofthethesisthroughtheuseofbalance,emphsisorotherrhetoricaldevices.zvpgeqJ1hk
·Ageneralization.
§NarratingAnEventOrARoutine
▲Whatisit?
○Tonarratemeanstotellaneventoraroutineasastory.NrpoJac3v1
○Thenarrativemaybepurelyfictionaloranaccountofsomerealexperience.1nowfTG4KI
▲Followingchronologicalorder.
▲Differentcharacteristicsofthetwokindsofnarrativewriting.fjnFLDa5Zo
○Aroutineparagraphcoversaseriesofactivitieswithouthavingtogointodetailsofeach.Andoneactivitymaynotberelatedtothenextone.Buttheparagraphdealingwithonlyoneeventconcentratesononestoryandweprovidealotdetailsforit.Besides,thereisusuallyacausalconnectionbetweenonedetailandanotherdetail.tfnNhnE6e5
○SincearoutineparagraphdescribeswhatpeopleregularlydoeverydayoreveryweekendorSunday,thepresenttenseshouldbeusedunlessitisapastroutine,butaone-eventparagraphtalksaboutsomethingthathappenedinthepast,sothepasttenseisused.HbmVN777sL
▲Topicsentence.
○Showthewriter'sattitude.
○Arousereaders'curiosity.
○Canbedevelopedwithoneincident.(forone-eventparagraph>V7l4jRB8Hs
▲Selectrelevantdetails.
▲Orderoforganizationandverbtense.
○Toachieveacoherentorganization,weshouldusetimeconnectorssuchas"when,""before,"and"after"toputsentencestogether.83lcPA59W9
§HowToWriteBiography
▲Whatisit?
○Alifestoryofanindividualbyanotherauthor.
○Thirdperson.
○Autobiography.
▲Kinds?
○Encyclopedia.
○Directoryoffamouspeople.
○Authorizedbiographies.
○
○Nonfictionbooks.
○Unauthorizedbiographies.
▲Biographiesanalyzeandinterprettheeventsinaperson'slife.mZkklkzaaP
▲Biographiesuseprimaryandsecondarysources.
▲Requirements.
○Startwiththeencyclopediaandalmanac.
○Thinkaboutwhatyouwanttoknow./Interview------preparesomequestions.AVktR43bpw
·Whatmakesthispersonfamousorattractive?
·Whatkindofeffectdidheorshehaveontheworld(orotherpeople>?
ORjBnOwcEd
·Whataretheadjectivesyouwouldmostlyusetodescribetheperson?
2MiJTy0dTT
·Examplesfromtheirlivesillustratethosequalities.gIiSpiue7A
·Events.
·Obstacles?
Risks?
Lucks?
·Wouldtheworldbebetterorworsewithouthim/her?
uEh0U1Yfmh
▲Typicalfeatures.
○Pasttense.
○Thirdperson.
○Keyincidentsofthepersons'livesarecounted.
○Chronologicalorderalsocontainotherpeople'views.IAg9qLsgBX
○Pictures.
○Abeginning/openingparagraph------summarize,impressive.WwghWvVhPE
○Amiddle------highlights.
○Anending------furtherinfluences.
▲Guidelinesforplanningandrevisingyourwork..
○Establishanappropriatevoice.
○Buildaconflict.
○Placethereaderinaparticularsetting.
○Providedescriptiveandsensorylanguage.
○Decidingonafocus.
§DescribingAPerson,AnObject,APlace[VOCABULARIES]asfpsfpi4k
▲Gooddescriptioncando.
○Readerscanreproducetheimageintheirmind.
○Readerscanrelivetheexperienceasiftheywerethere.ooeyYZTjj1
○Therefore,theycanbeaffectedemotionallybythedescriptivewords.BkeGuInkxI
▲Describingpeople.
○Twomajoraspects:
appearanceandpersonality.
○Thetopicsentenceshowsthewriter'sattitudeorimpressionoftheperson.PgdO0sRlMo
○Thetopicsentencemustcontainanideatobedevelopedinaparagraph,ratherthansentenceoffacts.3cdXwckm15
○Specificanddescriptivedetailsratherthanjustgeneralremarks.h8c52WOngM
▲Describinganobject.
○Theappearanceofanobjectusuallycoversitsshape,measurements,color,smell,material,textureofsurface,etc.v4bdyGious
○Besidestheappearanceofanobject,wealsodescribeitsvalue,quality,anduse.J0bm4qMpJ9
○Canbeeitherwithorwithoutpersonalfeelings.
○Thetopicsentenceshowsthewriter'sattitudeorimpressionoftheperson.XVauA9grYP
○Thetopicsentencemustcontainanideatobedevelopedinaparagraph,ratherthansentenceoffacts.bR9C6TJscw
○Specificanddescriptivedetailsratherthanjustgeneralremarks.pN9LBDdtrd
○Sentencesaretobeorganizedinspatialorder.
▲Describingaplace.
○Tone.
·Objective:
withoutmuchofpersinalfeelings.
·Subjective:
withstrongfeelings.
○Thetopicsentenceindicateswhatisgoingtobedescribed,whatthewritter’sattitudeis,andwhatdominantimpressiontheparagraphistomake.DJ8T7nHuGT
○Usedescriptivedetails.
○Whenwedescribeaplace,weshouldnotonlymakeclearwherethingsarelocated,butalsowhattheyarelike.QF81D7bvUA
○Onlywhentheseobjectsarepresentedinproperapatialrelationshiptoeachother,doesthedescriptionachieve