英语国家概况15Chapter17.ppt

英语国家概况15Chapter17.ppt

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AustraliaGovernmentandsociety目录01020304GovernmentPeopleEconomyEducation1.GovernmentTheCommonwealthofAustralia,formedin1901,iscomprisedof6statesand2mainlandterritories.ThecommonwealthofAustraliaisaconstitutionalmonarchy,afederationandaparliamentarydemocracy.TheKingorQueenofBritainistheheadofAustralia,representedbytheGovernorGeneral.Intermsofitsgovernmentalsystem,AustraliafollowsthefederalmodeloftheUnitedStates.Thefederalgovernmenthasathree-tiersystem（三级体制）:

thefederalgovernment,governmentsatthestateandterritorylevelandlocalgovernments.ThefederalgovernmentisbasedonParliamentwith2chambers:

theHouseofRepresentatives,andtheSenate.ThepartywithamajorityintheHouseofRepresentativesformsthegovernment,withministersappointedfrombothchamberstoserveintheCabinet.ThegovernmentisresponsibletotheParliament.ThedivisionofpowersbetweenthefederalgovernmentandstategovernmentsisdefinedintheConstitution.ThepowersexercisedbythefederalParliamentandgovernmentincludetheresponsibilitiesforforeignrelationsandtrade,defenseandimmigration,whilethegovernmentsofstatesandterritoriesareresponsibleforallmattersnotassignedtotheCommomwealth.TheLegislatureTTheParliamentoftheCommonwealthisthefederallegilatureofAustrslia.TheAustraianParliamentconsistsoftheQueenand2Houses.TheSenateconsistsof76Senatorswhoareelectedbytheproportionalrepresentationsystem比例代表制foratermof6years.TheSenatehasvirtuallyequalpowertomakelawswiththeHouseofRepresentatives.TheSenatehasahighlydevelopedcommitteesystemtoinquireintopolicyissuesindepthandscrutinizethewaylawsandpoliciesareadminstered.ThusTheSenateiscalledtheHouseofreview.TheHouseofRepresentativeshas150memberswhoareelectedforatermofupto3yearsbythepreferentialvotingsystem名次投票制.Themainfunctionofitistheconsiderationandpassingofnewlawsandamendmentsorchangestoexsitinglaws.Anotherfunctionistodeterminethegovernment,soitsalsocalledtheHouseofgovernment.TheExecutiveExecutiveauthorityisvestedintheGovernorGeneral,（总督）whoisappointedbytheBritishmonachontheadviceofthePrimeMinister.TheKingorQueenofBritainhasnorealpowerinthegovernment.TheGovernorGeneralisHisorHerMajestysrepresentativeandcanonlyactontheadviceoftheFederalCouncilortheCabinet.FederalpolicyisdeterminedbytheCabinet,whichischairedbythePrimeMinister.”Pleaseenteryourtexthere.Pleaseenteryourtexthere。

TheJudiciaryTheJudiciaryisabsolutelyseparatefromtheexecutivebranchandthelegislature.TheAustralianjudiciaryincludestheHighCourt,theFederalCourt,theFamilyCourt,theFederalMagistratesCourtandstateandterritorycourtsTheHighCourtisthesuperiorcourtinAustraliaPoliticalPartiesPleaseenteryourtexthere.Pleaseenteryourtexthere.Australiahasatwo-partysystem.Thereare3majorpoliticalpartiesinAustralia:

1.TheAustralianLaborParty,nominallyrepresentingthetradeunions,isAustraliasoldestpoliticalparty,formedinthe1890s.Itstheonlypartytohavebeenincontinousoperationsince1901.2.TheLiberalParty,nominallyrepresentsurbanbusiness-relatedgroups,formedin1944.3.TheNationalsisthe2ndoldestpoliticalpartyinAustralia,foundedin1920astheAustralianCountryParty.ButitsnamechangedtotheNationalPartyofAustraliain1982andthentheNationalsin2006.ElectionAustraliaisoneofthefewnationsthathavecompulsoryvoting.Ofalltheelections,thegeneralelectionisthemostimportant,theresultofwhichdetermineswhichpartyleaderwillrulethecountryasthePrimeMinister.Ageneralelectioncanbecalledbeforetheparliamenthasserveditsfullterm.Thereare3mainelectionalsystem,namelythesimplemajoritysystem,thepreferentialvotingsystemandtheproportionalrepresentationsystem.2.PeopleThepopulationhasmorethandoubledbecauseofthepost-warimmigrationprogramsinceWorldWarII.Theoboriginalpopulationhasbecomemoreurbanized.Australiaisthemostsparselypopulatedoftheinhabitedcontinents.MulticulturalismwasapolicyinAustralia.;1）DiversityofPopulation:

Australiaisacountryofimmigration.Thereare3majorcontributorstoAustraliansdiversepopulation:

theindigenouspeoples,theBritishcolonialpastandextensiveimmigrationfromdifferentcountriesandcultures.2）DiversityofLanguage:

whileEnglishisthedominantlanguageinAustralia,Australiansspeakover200languagescollectively.3）DiversityofReligion:

ThemajorreligioninAustraliaisChristianity.Thenon-ChristianreligionsincludeJudaism犹太教，Hinduism印度教，Buddhism佛教andIslam伊斯兰教.3.EconomyprosperousWerstern-stylecapitalisteconomyhigheconomicperformancestemsfromeffectiveeconomicmanagementandongoingstructuralreformself-sufficientinfood:

sheepcattleandgrainhavelongbeenthecountrysmajoroccupationsindustrializedcountryforeigntrade:

chiefexportcommodi