阅读专题五篇章结构.docx
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阅读专题五篇章结构
阅读专题五--篇章结构
专题五篇章结构（含七选五）
高频考点·探究突破《考试大纲》明确要求考生“理解文章的基本结构”。
高考对文章结构的考查主要涉及两个层次：
一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，二是按写作方法理解文章的结构。
把握文章的基本结构有利于理解文章的主题。
其考查主要有两种方式，一是在普通阅读理解中，二是在阅读理解第二节七选五题型中。
一、篇章结构（普通阅读理解）
方法一：
文章的段落组织通常采用总分；分总；总分总的框架，如下图所示：
主要设题形式：
①Whichofthefollowing（best）showstheorganization/structureofthepassage?
②Howisthepassageorganized?
例1（2015·北京D）Technologicalchangeiseverywhereandaffectseveryaspectoflife,mostlyforthebetter.However,socialchangesthatarebroughtaboutbynewtechnologyareoftenmistakenforachangeinattitudes.
Anexampleathandistheinvolvementofparentsinthelivesoftheirchildrenwhoareattendingcollege.Surveys（调查）onthistopicsuggestthatparentstodaycontinuetobe“very”or“somewhat”overly-protectiveevenaftertheirchildrenmoveintocollegedormitories.Thesamesurveysalsoindicatethattherateofparentalinvolvementisgreatertodaythanitwasagenerationago.Thisisusuallyinterpretedasasignthattoday’sparentsaretryingtomanagetheirchildren’slivespastthepointwherethisbehaviorisappropriate.
However,greaterparentalinvolvementdoesnotnecessarilyindicatethatparentsarefailingtoletgooftheir“adult”children.
Inthecontext（背景）ofthisdiscussion,itseemsvaluabletofirstfindoutthecauseofchangeinthecaseofparents’involvementwiththeirgrownchildren.Ifparentsofearliergenerationshadwantedtobeintouchwiththeircollege-agechildrenfrequently,wouldthishavebeenpossible?
Probablynot.Ontheotherhand,doesthepossibilityoffrequentcommunicationtodaymeanthattheurgetodosowasn’tpresentagenerationago?
Manystudiesshowthatolderparents—today’sgrandparents—wouldhavecalledtheirchildrenmoreoftenifthemeansandcostofdoingsohadnotbeenabarrier.
Furthermore,studiesshowthatfinancesarethemostfrequentsubjectofcommunicationbetweenparentsandtheircollegechildren.Thefactthatcollegestudentsarefinanciallydependentontheirparentsisnothingnew;norarerequestsformoremoneytobesentfromhome.Thisphenomenonisneithergoodnorhad;itisafactofcollegelife,todayandinthepast.
Thankstotheadvancedtechnology,weliveinanageofbetteredcommunication.Thishasmanyimplicationswellbeyondtherolethatparentsseemtoplayinthelivesoftheirchildrenwhohaveleftforcollege.Butitisusefultobearinmindthatallsuchchangescomefromthetechnologyandnotsomeimagineddesireby
①找出文章的中心话题，找出段落的中心句。
②认真分析文章或段落内容与中心话题的关系，以及内容安排形式所属类别。
例2（2015·安徽E）Foodservesasaformofcommunicationintwofundamentalways.Sharingbreadorotherfoodsisacommonhumantraditionthatcanpromoteunityandtrust.Foodcanalsohaveaspecificmeaning,andplayasignificantroleinafamilyorculture’scelebrationsortraditions.Thefoodsweeat—andwhenandhowweeatthem—areoftenuniquetoaparticularcultureormayevendifferbetweenrural（农村的）andurbanareaswithinonecountry.
Sharingbread,whetherduringaspecialoccasion（时刻）oratthefamilydinnertable,isacommonsymboloftogetherness.Manyculturesalsocelebratebirthdaysandmarriageswithcakesthatarecutandsharedamongtheguests.Earlyformsofcakeweresimplyakindofbread,sothistraditionhasitsrootsinthecustomofsharingbread.
FoodalsoplaysanimportantroleinmanyNewYearcelebrations.InthesouthernUnitedStates,piecesofcornbreadrepresentblocksofgoldforprosperity（兴旺）intheNewYear.InGreece,peopleshareaspecialcakecalledvasilopita.Acoinisputintothecake,whichsignifies（预示）successintheNewYearforthepersonwhoreceivesit.
Manycultureshaveceremoniestocelebratethebirthofachild,andfoodcanplayasignificantrole.InChina,whenababyisonemonthold,familiesnameandwelcometheirchildinacelebrationthatincludesgivingred-coloredeggstoguests.Inmanycultures,roundfoodssuchasgrapes,bread,andmooncakesareeatenatwelcomecelebrationstorepresentfamilyunity.
Nutritionisnecessaryforlife,soitisnotsurprisingthatfoodissuchanimportantpartofdifferentculturesaroundtheworld.
74.Theauthorexplainstheroleoffoodincelebrationsby_______.
A.usingexamplesB.makingcomparisonsC.analyzingcausesD.describingprocesses
演练2（2014·陕西C）WhydoAmericansstrugglewithwatchingtheirweight,whiletheFrench,whoconsumerichfood,continuetostaythin?
NowaresearchbyCornellUniversitysuggestshowlifestyleanddecisionsabouteatingmayaffectweight.ResearchersconcludethattheFrenchtendtostopeatingwhentheyfeelfull.However,AmericanstendtostopwhentheirplateisemptyortheirfavouriteTVshowisover.
AccordingtoDr.JosephMercola,ahealthexpert,theFrenchseeeatingasanimportantpartoftheirlifestyle.Theyenjoyfoodandthereforespendafairlylongtimeatthetable,whileAmericansseeeatingassomethingtobesqueezedbetweentheotherdailyactivities.MercolabelievesAmericanslosetheabilitytosensewhentheyareactuallyfull.SotheykeepeatinglongaftertheFrenchwouldhavestopped.Inaddition,hepointsoutthatAmericansdrivetohugesupermarketstobuycannedandfrozenfoodsfortheweek.TheFrench,instead,tendtoshopdaily,walkingtosmallshopsandfarmers’marketswheretheyhaveachoiceoffreshfruits,vegetables,andeggsaswellashigh-quallitymeatsforeachmeal.
AfteravisittotheUnitedStates,MireilleGuiliano,authorofFrenchWomenDon’tGetFat,decidedtowriteabouttheimportanceofknowingwhentostopratherthansuggestinghowtoavoidfood.Todayshecontinuestostayslimandrarelygoestothegym.
Inspiteofallthesedifferences,evidenceshowsthatrecentlifestylechangesmaybeaffectingFrencheatinghabits.Todaytherateofobesity—orextremeoverweight—amongadultsisonly6%.However,asAmericanfastfoodgainsacceptanceandtheyoungrejectoldertraditions,theobesityrateamongFrenchchildrenhasreached17%—andisgrowing.
55.Thetextismainlydeveloped________.
A.bycontrastB.byspaceC.byprocessD.byclassification
二、篇章结构——七选五
题目选项根据句法功能大致可分为：
大小标题类、主题句子类、承上启下类、语篇拓展类、概括总结类。
根据在句中所处位置分为：
单独成段，句首，句中和句末。
解题策略
1、理顺文章结构层次
最近几年常考的七选五一般来说，“七选五”结构很单一，“总→分”（总→分→总）式。
2、善于捕捉语篇信息
语篇信息可能来自上文，也可能来自下文，还可能是上下文的综合信息。
例如2015年全国课标卷Ⅱ七选五阅读填空题的第37题，根据该空前的语境“Whenyouhavefoundshoesthatseemright,walkinthemforafewdaystodoublecheckthefit.（当你发现似乎合适的鞋子时，穿着走动几天，再次检查其舒适度。
）”可知，E项中的they指的就是前面提到的shoes,属于指代一致。
另外，feelgood与thefit相对应。
3、关注过渡性词语
把握语篇中的逻辑关系，如一些表示转折的连词或副词but,however,yet,though,nevertheless等；表示承接关系的连词so,副词thus,therefore等；表示递进关系的副词furthermore,moreover,词组what’smore等；表示同位关系的词组thatistosay等；另外还有一些表示并列关系的连词（词组）and,also,aswellas,neither…nor,either…or,notonly…but（also）,ontheonehand…ontheotherhand等。
通过不同的连词（词组）或副词（词组）我们可以推知句子与句子之间的不同关系。
4、根据位置关系而确定的解题方法
①单独成段主要考查文章的大小标题，以一些特殊符号、黑色加粗或数字等为标志。
如果选择大标题时，要仔细研究第一段和最后一段。
如果选择小标题时，需要把下面的整个段落读懂。
②位于句首的一般是主题句或承上启下类。
要关注空格后的内容，特别是注意第一句话。
③位于句中主要考查语篇拓展类（或承上启下类），重点是空格前后的内容（注意在选项中查找与该内容相关的同义词、近义词、反义词或表示同一类事物的词语等）。
④位于句末通常考查概括总结类，用于总结本段内容，此时要选择概括性强的选项。
例3（2015·全国卷Ⅱ）Trainingforamarathonrequirescarefulpreparationandsteady,gradualincreasesinthelengthoftheruns.36,buythebest-fitting,best-builtrunningshoesyoucanfind.Noonecansaywhichbrandwillworkbestforyouorfeelbestonyourfeet,soyouhavetorelyonyourexperienceandonthefeelofeachpairasyoushop.Whenyouhavefoundshoesthatseemright,walkinthemforafewdaystodouble-checkthefit.37.Asalways,youshouldstretch（伸展）atleasttenminutesbeforeeachruntopreventinjuries.
Duringthefirstweek,donotthinkaboutdistance,butrunfiveminuteslongereachday.38,itiswisetotakeadayofftorest.Butduringthenextweek,setagoalofatleastamileandahalfperrun.39.Aftertwoweeks,starttimingyourself.40.Dependingonthekindofraceyouplantoenter,youcansetupatimetablefortheremainingweeksbeforetherace.
A.Aftersixdays
B.Foragoodmarathonrunner
C.Beforeyoubeginyourtraining
D.Witheachday,increasethedistancebyahalfmile
E.Iftheystillfeelgood,youcanbeginrunninginthem
F.Timespentforpreparationraisesthequalityoftraining
G.Nowyouarereadytofigureoutagoalofimprovingdistanceandtime
演练3（2015·河北衡水中学期中考试）
WhatTeenagersCanDoToEarnMoreRespect
Asteenagerscontinuetogrowanddevelopintoyoungadults,thetransition（过渡）intoadulthoodhasbegun.Withsomanyphysicalandemotionalchangesgoingon,certainmannersareoftenforgottenandotheradulttraitsarenotyetacceptedasawayoflife.1Bydoingthefollowingthings,youwillearnmorerespect.
1.Contributetothehousehold
Attheveryleast,cleanupafteryourself.Asateenager,youareoldenoughtocleanupafteryourself.Whenyoumakeamess,cleanitup.2Allchoresthatyoudohelptoreducetheloadofthepersonwhodidthembefore.Nowthatyou’reoldenoughandcapable,whyshouldn’tyoucontributetothehousehold?
3
2.Beresponsible
4Whethertheyarebasicthings,likebrushingyourteethordoingyourhomework,ormoreinvolvedchoresthatcontributetothehousehold,simplyfulfillyourresponsibilitiesontime.Whenadultsknowthattheycanrelyonyou,theirtrustandrespectforyouwillincrease.
3.Solvemoreofyourownproblemwithoutaskingforhelp
Insteadoftakingtheeasyapproachandaskingforhelp,makeanefforttosolveyourproblemsonyourownfirst.The“easyway”isonlyeasyforyou,butitisanextrataskforthepersonfromwhomyouareseekinghelp.Seekhelponlyafteryouhavemadeanhonestefforttosolveyourownproblems.5Whenyoubecomeagoodproblemsolver,youincreaseyourvaluetothecommunity.
A.Everyone
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