结构型阅读.docx

结构型阅读.docx

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结构型阅读

结构型命题在高考阅读理解中的表现

老河口市一中昝改清

课堂阅读活动，至少要实现三个方面的目标：

一是充分获得语言信息，这是最主要的目标；二是理解文章的篇章结构；三是理解课文中的词汇和句子结构。

高考试题主要侧重语言信息的考查。

但是最近两年，对语篇结构的考查试题也频繁出现在各地高考英语阅读理解题中，而且已经成为了一种独立的命题形式----结构题。

结构题型首先源于TOEFL阅读。

从结构上讲，它是一种形式，是结构构成的形式基本单位；同时它又是文章中相对独立的一部分内容，是文章内容构成的基本单位。

就其考查内容而言，可分为三种：

考查考生对整个文章结构的组织能力；考查考生对后文内容的预测能力；考查考生对文章写作手法、修辞手段的赏析能力。

下面结合近几年高考试题，谈谈这一题型在高考中的表现。

结构型命题表现之一文章的篇章结构

文章的结构,是文章段落与段落、段落与整体之间的内在联系和外部形式的统一。

文章的

结构是文章的“骨架”，是谋篇布局的手段，是运用材料反映中心思想的方法。

这种考查方式主要体现在议论文和说明文文体上。

从段落组织方式上讲，常见的文章结构有三种：

总分式结构（总→分；总→分→总；分→总）、并列式结构（段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立）、对照式结构（结构形式上是一正一反）；从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类：

Putforwardaquestion→Analyzethequestion→Solvethequestion即“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程；Argument/idea→Evidence→conclusion/restatingtheidea即“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。

从命题角度来讲，常见的提问方式有：

Howisthepassageorganized?

；

Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructure/organizationofthepassage?

Theauthordevelopsthepassagemainlyby_________.

Whatwilltheauthormostprobablytalkaboutnext?

Inthenextpart,theauthorwouldmostprobablydiscusswithyou________.

A考查段落的组织方式

例

（1）2008（北京）------总→分→总

TheDietZone:

ADangerousPlace

DietCoke,dietPepsi,dietpills,no-fatdiet,vegetablediet.Wearesurroundedbytheword“diet”everywherewelookandlisten.Wehavesoeasilybeenattractedbythepromiseandpotentialofdietproductsthatwehavestoppedthinkingaboutwhatdietproductsaredoingtous.Wearepayingforproductsthatharmuspsychologicallyandphysically（身体上）.

Dietproductssignificantlyweakenuspsychologically.Ononelevel,wearenotallowingourbraintoadmitthatourweightproblemslienotinactuallylosingtheweight,butincontrollingtheconsumptionoffatty,high-calorie,unhealthyfoods.Dietproductsallowustojumpoverthethinkingstageandgostraightforthescale（秤）instead.Allwehavetodoistoswalloworrecognizetheword“diet”infoodlabels.

Onanotherlevel,dietproductshavegreaterpsychologicaleffects.Everytimewehaveazero-caloriedrink,wearetellingourselveswithoutourawarenessthatwedon’thavetoworktogetresults.Dietproductsmakepeoplebelievethatgaincomeswithoutpain,andthatlifecanbewithoutresistanceandstruggle.

Thedangerofdietproductsliesnotonlyinthepsychologicaleffectstheyhaveonus,butalsointhephysicalharmthattheycause.Dietfoodscanindirectlyharmourbodiesbecauseconsumingtheminsteadofhealthyfoodsmeanswearepreventingourbodiesfromhavingbasicnutrients（营养成分）.Dietfoodsanddietpillscontainzerocalorieonlybecausethedietindustryhascreatedchemicalstoproducethesewonderproducts.Dietproductsmaynotbenutritional,andthechemicalthatgointodietproductsarepotentiallydangerous.

Nowthatweareawareoftheeffectsthatdietproductshaveonus,itistimetoseriouslythinkaboutbuyingthem.Losingweightliesinthepowerofminds,notinthepowerofchemicals.Oncewerealizethis,wewillbemuchbetterabletoresistdietproducts,andthereforepreventthepsychologicalharmthatcomesfromusingthem.

75.Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthepassage?

【解析】选B。

考查学生分析文章篇章结构的能力。

文章从两个要点来说明中心观点，这两要点是1）节食产品对人们心理的伤害。

2）节食产品对人们身体的伤害。

为了说明第一个要点，文章中用了两个自然段，即第二自然段和第三自然段（分析理解这里是正确回答此题的关键）。

所以选B。

例

（2）2005（江苏）------总→分→总

Thetwentiethcenturysawgreaterchangesthananycenturybefore:

changesforthebetter,changesfortheworse;changesthatbroughtalotofbenefitstohumanbeings,changesthatputmanindanger.Manythingscausedthechanges,but,inmyopinion,themostimportantwastheprogressinscience.

Scientificresearchinphysicsandbiologyhasvastlybroadenedourviews.Ithasgivenusadeeperknowledgeofthestructureofmatterandoftheuniverse;ithasbroughtusabetterunderstandingsofthenatureoflifeandofitscontinuousdevelopment.Technology—theapplicationofscience—hasmadebigadvancesthathavebenefitedusinnearlyeverypartoflife.

Thecontinuationofsuchactivitiesinthetwenty-firstcenturywillresultinevengreateradvantagestohumanbeings:

inpurescience—awideranddeeperknowledgeinallfieldsofearning;inappliedscience—amorereasonablesharingofmaterialbenefits,andbetterprotectionoftheenvironment.

Sadly,however,thereisanothersidetothepicture.Thecreativityofsciencehasbeenemployedindoingdamagetomankind.Theapplicationofscienceandtechnologytothedevelopmentandproductionofweaponsofmassdestructionhascreatedarealdangertothecontinuedexistenceofthehumanraceonthisplanet.Wehaveseenthishappeninthecaseofnuclearweapons,AlthoughtheiractualusehassofaroccurredonlyintheSecondWorldWar,theumberofnuclearweaponsthatwereproducedandmadereadyforusewassolargethatiftheweaponshadactuallybeenused,theresultcouldhavebeentheruinofthehumanrace,aswellasfmanykindsofanimals.

WilliamShakespearesaid,"Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyarn（纱线）,goodandilltogether.'’Theabovebriefreviewoftheapplicationofonlyonepartofhumanactivities—scienceseemstoprovewhatShakespearesaid.Butdoesithavetobeso?

Musttheillalwaysgotogetherwiththegood?

Arewebiologicallyprogrammedforwar?

72.Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?

A.B.C.D.

【解析】选A。

考查学生分析文章篇章结构的能力。

在文章首段的最后一句话，通过转折词but找到主题，第2段、第3段的主题句都出现了段尾，都讲了科技带来的benefit，从正面印证了主题。

而第4段首句的sadly和however，表明文章转入另外一个方面的论证，而且是反面的的论证。

接下来的全文尾段用Shakespeare的话再次总结主题。

根据这个分析，可以很容易地看出这篇文章的整体结构是“总－分－总”式，在“分”的部分有分为正、反两方面，所以选A。

例（3）2009（北京）------总→分→总

HowRoomDesignsAffectOurWorkandFeelings

Architectshavelonghadthefeelingthattheplacesweliveincanaffectourthoughts,feelings

andbehaviors.Butnowscientistsaregivingthisfeelinganempirical（经验的，实证的）basis.

Theyarediscoveringhowtodesignspacesthatpromotecreativity,keeppeoplefocusedandlead

torelaxation.

Researchesshowthataspectsofthephysicalenvironmentcaninfluencecreativity.In2007,

JoanMeyers-LevyattheUniversityofMinnesota,reportedthattheheightofaroom'sceiling

affectshowpeoplethink.Herresearchindicatesthathigherceilingsencouragepeopletothink

morefreely,whichmayleadthemtomakemoreabstractconnections.Lowceilings,ontheother

hand,mayinspireamoredetailedoutlook.

Inadditionstoceilingheight,theviewaffordedbyabuildingmayinfluenceanoccupant's

abilitytoconcentrate.NancyWellsandhercolleaguesatCornellUniversityfoundintheirstudy

thatkidswhoexperiencedthegreatestincreaseingreennessasaresultofafamilymovemadethe

mostgainsonastandardtestofattention.

Usingnaturetoimprovefocusofattentionoughttopayoff academically,anditseemsto,

accordingtoastudyledbyC.KennethTanner,headoftheSchoolDesign&PlanningLaboratory

attheUniversityofGeorgia.Tannerandhisteamfoundthatstudentsinclassroomswith

unblockedviewsofatleast50feetoutsidethewindowhadhigherscoresontestsofvocabulary,

languageartsandmathsthandidstudentswhoseclassroomsprimarilyoverlookedroadsand

parkinglots.

Recentstudyonroomlightingdesignsuggeststhandim（暗淡的）lighthelpspeopletoloosen

up.Ifthatistruegenerally,keepingthelightlowduringdinneroratpartiescouldincrease

relaxation.ResearchersofHarvardMedicalSchoolalsodiscoveredthatfurniturewithrounded

edgescouldhelpvisitorsrelax.

Sofarscientistshavefocusedmainlyonpublicbuildings."Wehaveaverylimitednumberof

studies,sowe'realmostlookingattheproblemthroughastraw（吸管）,"architectDavidAllison

says."Howdoyoutakeanswerstoveryspecificquestionsandmakebroad,generalizeduseof

them?

That'swhatwe'reallstrugglingwith." 

67.Whichofthefollowingshowstheorganizationofthepassage?

 CP:

CentralPoint  P:

point Sp:

Sub—point（次要点）C:

Conclusion

【解析】选C。

考查学生分析文章篇章结构的能力。

第一段为总要点，最后一段为结论，要点1、2、3共同服务于结论，重要的是要点二又包含了两个次要点。

综上分析可知答案为C。

B考查段落的论证方法

例（4）2005（浙江）----Argument/idea→Evidence→conclusion/restatingtheidea

Inthecourseofworkingmywaythroughschool,ItookmanyjobsIwouldratherforget.Butnoneofthesejobswasasdreadfulasmyjobinanappleplant.Theworkwashard;thepaywaspoor;and,mostofall,theworkingconditionswereterrible.

   Firstofall,thejobmadehugedemandsonmystrength.Fortenhoursanight,Itookboxesthatrolleddownametaltrackandpiledthemontoatruck.Eachboxcontainedtwelveheavybottlesofapplejuice.IoncefiguredoutthatIwasliftinganaverageoftwelvetonsofapplejuiceeverynight.

   Iwouldnothavemindedthedifficultyoftheworksomuchifthepayhadnotbeensopoor.Iwaspaidthelowestwageofthattime—twodollarsanhour.Becauseofthelowpay,Ifelteagertogetasmuchaspossible.Iusuallyworkedtwelvehoursanightbutdidnottakehomemuchmorethan$100aweek.

   Butevenmorethanthelowpay,whatmademeunhappywastheworkingconditions.DuringworkIwaslimitedtotwoten-minutebreaksandanunpaidhalfhourforlunch.Mostofmytimewasspentoutsideloadingtruckswiththoseheavyboxesinnear-zero-degreetemperatures.Thesteelfloorsofthetruckswerelikeice,whichmademyfeetfeellikestone.Andaftertheproductionlineshutdownatnightandmostpeopleleft,Ihadtospendtwohoursalonecleaningthefloor.

   Istayedonthejobforfivemonths,allthewhilehatingthedifficultyofthework,thepoormoney,andtheconditionsunderwhichIworked.BythetimeIleft,Iwasdeterminednevertogobackthereagain.

52．Howisthetextorganized?

 A．Topic—Argument—Explanation 

 B．Opinion—Discussion—Description

 C．Mainidea—Comparison—Supportingexamples 

 D．Introduction—Supportingexamples—Conc