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关于德伯家的苔丝悲剧的分析精品
本科生毕业论文
OnTessofD’Urbervilles—AnalysisoftheTragedy
关于“德伯家的苔丝”—悲剧的分析
院系:
外国语系
专业:
英语
学生姓名:
学号:
指导教师:
2008年6月
Contents
Acknowledgements…...............................................................................................Ⅰ
Abstract...………..…………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
摘要…………………………………………………………………………………Ⅲ
1Introduction………………………………………………….……………………1
1.1IntroductiontotheAuthorandtheNovel.........................................…….……1
1.2PreviousStudyofTess’sTragedyandtheProblems…………..………………2
2TheAuthor’sConceptonFateandtheHeroine’sTragedy…………….………4
3AnalysisofTess’sTragedy…………………………………………………...……6
3.1AnalysisofTess’sFamily…………………………………..………………….6
3.2AnalysisoftheSocialBackground………………………...……………..……8
3.3AnalysisofTess’sCharacter…………………………………………….……12
3.4AnalysisoftheMaleFactorsinTess’sTragedy……………………...………14
4Conclusion………………………………………………………………..……....16
References…………………………………………………………………….……18
Acknowledgements
Theaccomplishmentofthisthesisresultsfromthehelpofmany:
HerebyIwouldliketoexpressrecognitionandgratitudetothosewhomadethisthesispossible.
Firstofall,Iamparticularlyindebtedtomysupervisor—ZhouChangjun,whosevaluableandconstructivesuggestion,comments,andencouragementsweregiventomethroughoutthedurationofwritingthisthesis.Itisagreathonorformetostudyunderhisguidance,fornotonlyhaveIbenefitedfromhisprofoundknowledge,butalsofromhismodestpersonalityandhisattitudestowardsacademicstudy.
Secondly,Iwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetootherprofessorsandteachers,whohaveinstructedandhelpedmealotinthepastfouryears.
Lastmythankswouldgotomybelovedfamilyfortheirunconditionalloveandsupportallthroughtheseyears.Ialsoowemysinceregratitudetomyfriendsandmyfellowclassmateswhoencouragedandhelpedmeinthepastfouryears.
Itisjustbecauseofthecontributionsofthesepeople,whethermentionedornot,thatthisthesisisabletobecompleted.Toeveryoneofthem,Igivemymostsincerethanks.
Abstract
ThomasHardywasoncecalled“ShakespeareinBritishnovel.”Helookedatthelifeinthevisionoftragedy;Heexperiencedanddescribedpeople’ssufferingunderthefierceimpactoftwocivilizationsinatragicmethodanduniquemaleway;HedescribedthepoorTess’sshortandunfortunatelifeinanepicway.Tess,adaughterofapoorvillagerwhodiscoversthatheisthedescendentofanancientfamilyD’UrbervillesispersuadedbyherparentstoclaimkindredwithamoreprosperousD’Urbervillesandisseducedbythemaster,Alec.Andthenshehastoreturnhomeindisgrace.Aftergivingbirthtoachildwhodiesininfancy,shemeetsAngelClare,sonofaclergyman,andshefailsinlovewithhimandmarrieshim.OntheirweddingnightTessandAngeltelleachotherabouttheirpast.AngelwhogetsthehypocriticalmoralitydesertsherbecauseofherseductionbyAlec;thenpovertymakeshercomebacktoAlecagainandtragedyhappens.ThetragedyofTessisboththesocialtragedyandsimultaneouslyalsothedispositiontragedy.Hertragedy’soriginisnotonlyobjective,moreoverisalsosubjective.ThispapertellsusthatTessisthevictimofthebourgeoissocietyandcapitalistinvasionintotheEnglishpeasantry.Byanalyzingthefamily’spoverty,thesocialbackground,herowncharacter,injusticeandhypocrisy,themalechauvinismfactors,theauthor’sconceptonfate,etc,thispaperpresentsthemaincausesofTess’stragedy.
Keywords:
Tess;tragedy;socialbackground;character;victim;law;morality
关于“德伯家的苔丝”—悲剧的分析
摘要
托马斯·哈代曾一度被评论家誉为“英国小说中的莎士比亚”。
他擅长于以悲剧的眼光审视人生,以悲剧性感悟方式和独特的男性话语去体验和刻画两种文明的激烈撞击给人们带来的现实苦难。
他用史诗般的文字描写了贫穷的农家女子苔丝短促而不幸的一生。
苔丝是一个贫穷农民的女儿,他的父亲获悉自己本是骑士世家德伯家的嫡系子孙,于是便派苔丝去附近一个富户德伯家认本家,从而遭遇到亚力克的引诱而失身,苔丝回家以后生下一个孩子,不久后夭折。
在农场做工的时候,他遇到了安琪儿—一个牧师的儿子,两个人很快坠入爱河并且订了婚,新婚之夜,苔丝向安琪儿坦白了自己的遭遇,可是安琪儿却未能原谅他,反而离开了他。
后来,贫穷再一次迫使苔丝回到了亚力克身边,于是悲剧发生了。
苔丝的悲剧不仅是社会的悲剧同时也是性格的悲剧。
他的悲剧不仅是客观的更是主观的。
这篇论文告诉我们苔丝是资产阶级社会和资本主义入侵农村的受害者。
导致主人公苔丝悲惨命运的原因是多方面的,如家庭、社会、宗教、不公平的法律、传统的伦理道德及自身的弱点等。
这篇论文通过分析19世纪的英国社会背景,苔丝的家庭背景,男权主义,苔丝自身的性格以及作者哈代的宿命观来挖掘造成苔丝悲惨命运的主要原因。
关键词:
苔丝;悲剧;社会背景;性格;受害者;法律;道德
1Introduction
1.1IntroductiontotheAuthorandtheNovel:
ThomasHardyisanoutstandingrealitywriterinVictorianera.Hehassuperiorintelligenceandtraditionalfeelings,buthisviewisgloomyandmelancholy.Heisconvincedthattheconflictbetweenhumannaturewhichisinternal,externalandsubjectiveandnatureorthesocialenvironmentwhichisobjectiveisinevitable.Sonofamason,ThomasHardywasbornnearDorchester,theareathatlaterbecamethefamous“Wessex”inmanyofhisnovels.At16,hewasapprenticedtoalocalarchitect,butarchitecturewasneverhisdesiredprofession.Sohechangedtowritepoetry.Whenthatfailed,hebegantowritenovels.MostofhisnovelsaresetinWessexwhichisfictionalprimitiveandcruderuralregion.Theyareknowninanagriculturalsettingmenacedbytheforcesofinvadingcapitalism.
TessoftheD’Urbervilles:
Apurewoman,publishedin1891,isoneofthebestandmostpopularworksbyHardy.Ittellsalovetragedyofaseducedruralgirl.Tess,apoorpeasantgirlbroughtupwiththetraditionalideaofwomanlyvirtues,persuadedbyhermother,shegoestoclaimkindredwithamoreprosperousbranchoftheD’Urbervillesfamily.Andtheresheisseducedbytheyoungmasterofthehouse,Alec,andthenhastoreturnhomeindisgrace.Aftergivingbirthtoachildwhodiesininfancy,shemeetsAngelClare,sonofaclergyman,andshefailsinlovewithhimandmarrieshim.OntheirweddingnightTessandAngeltelleachotherabouttheirpast.AfterhearingTess’sconfession,AngelleavesherabruptlyforBrazil.PovertyforcesTesstoworkatafarmFlintcombAshwheresheisinsultedandill-treatedbymaster.Thenherfather’sdeathandtheexpulsionofherfamilyfromtheircottagedrivehertoseekforassistancefromAlec,andthelaternowapreacher,soonresumeshisformerillicitrelationswithher.AngelClarereturnsrepentantandreadytobereconciledtoTess,butthegirlfindsthatherlivingwithAlechindersherfromreturningtoAnge1.ShekillsAlecandisspeedilyarrested,triedandhanged.WithTess’sdeaththetragedyends(Chen,2000:
69).
ThroughthemoldingofTess,Hardyshowsthefemale’stragicfateundertheruleofmaleandexposesthehypocrisyofmoralandreligiousinBritishsocietyof19thcentury,alsoshowsstronghumanitarianspiritandstrongsenseofpessimism.
Fromaclosestudyofthenovel,wecanfind:
Tessisbeautiful,pure,honest,kind-hearted,hard-working,brave,self-sacrificeandself-resistance.Thereforesheisatypicalvictimofthatsociety,itspovertyofherfamilyforcesTesstoclaimkindredwithAlecandfinallybeseduced.AngelwhogetsthehypocriticalmoralitydesertsherbecauseofherseductionbyAlec;thosetwomen:
onerobedhervirginityandpurity,andtheotherabductedherLoveintheweddingnightandabandonedher,whileobviouslytheyarerivals,buttogethertheypromotehertothefinaldestruction.
ThenpovertymakeshercomebacktoAlecagainandtragedyhappens.Thefamily’spoverty,socialcruelty,injusticeandhypocrisymakehertragicfate.ThetragedyofTessisboththesocialtragedyandsimultaneouslyalsothedispositiontragedy.Hertragedy’soriginisnotonlyobjective,moreoverisalsosubjective.Tessisabrand-newwomanmodelwhichHardymolds.Shehasthedualdispositions.Ontheonehandshedarestorevoltagainstthetraditionalvirtuesandthefalsereligion;Ontheotherhandshecannotgetridofthetraditionalvirtuesthoroughlytoownfetters.
ThroughtheanalysisofTess’stragicfate,thispapergivesreadersadeeperunderstandingofHardy’stragedycriticalrealismworks.
1.2PreviousStudyofTess’sTragedyandtheProblems
Inmanyyears,theimageofheroineTessenjoyspopularsupportandisimpressive.TheauthorHardyalsobecametheoutstandingrealitywriterforthismasterpiecein19th-centuryEnglandandhadfar-reachingimpactonfuturegenerations.
OntheanalysisofTess’stragicfate,therearemanyrelatedarticlesathomeandabroad,forexample,inHeHongweiandHuangMujian’spaper(2007:
46),theythinkthatinTess’stragedy,Angel’sruthless;Tess’sviewofloveandmalechauvinisminVictorianeracausedhertragicfate.However,theydidn’tmentionthesocialbackgroundandthepovertyofTess’sfamily,forthatarealsoveryimportantinTess’stragedy.InTheTragedyoftheSocialOriginsandSocialMirrorofTess’sTragedy,YuDongmeiwrotethattheheroine’stragedyistheresultofcomplicatedconflictbetweenthecharacterandenvironment.Thisprincipleisalsonotcomprehensive.YuYanhuaofDaqingNormalUniversity(2007:
38)consideredthattherootcauseofTess’stragedyissocialfactors.
However,thebenevolentseebenevolenceandthewiseseewisdom—differentpeoplehavedifferentviews.ButIthinkthatalloftheirviewsarenotcomprehensive,becauseanyformationofatragedyisimpossibletohaveoneortwofactors.InthenovelofTessofD’Urbervilles,theheroine’stragedyhavemanyfactors,notonlyobjectivefactors,suchasthesocialbackgroundandtheconceptofmalesupremacy,moresubjectivefactors,suchas,thegreedofTess’sparentsandTess’sowncharacter,besides,theauthorThomasHardy’stragicfateconceptisalsoindispensable.
2TheAuthor’sConceptonFateandtheHeroine’sTragedy
Fatalismis“thatviewoflifewhichsaysallactionsiscontrolledbythenatureofthingorbyfatewhichisagreatimpersonal,primitiveforceexistingthroughalleternityabsolutelyindependentofhumanwillandsuperiortoany