英语教学法review.docx

英语教学法review.docx

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英语教学法review

英语教学法

Review

1.Topic:

MethodologyofEnglishLanguageTeachinginMiddleSchools

DefinitionofMethodology

Methodologyisthescienceorstudyofmethods.

Methodcanbedefinedintermsofthreelevels:

Approach,designandprocedure.

Approachmeansatheoryoflanguageandoflanguagelearning,

Designmeansthedefinitionoflinguisticcontentandaspecificationfortheselectionandorganizationofcontentandadescriptionoftheroleofteacher,learnerandteachingmaterial.

Proceduremeansthedescriptionoftechniquesandpracticesintheinstructionalsystem.

Therelationshipbetweenapproach,designandprocedure

Amethodistheoreticallyrelatedtoanapproach,isorganizationallydeterminedbyadesign,andispracticallyrealizedinprocedure.

Elementsandsubelementsthatconstituteamethod

Approach

a.Theoryoflanguage

b.Theoryoflanguagelearning

Design

a.Objectivesb.Syllabusc.Learningandteachingactivitiesd.Learnerroles

e.Teacherrolesf.Theroleofinstructionalmaterials

Procedure

a.techniques,practices,andbehaviors

2.Topic:

TheoreticalbasesfortheGrammar-translationMethod

ThehistoryoftheGrammar-translationMethodisnotfullyandcarefullydocumented.

（1）Thereisevidencethatgrammaranalysisandtranslationbegantobethebasicproceduresinforeignlanguageteachingfromthe16thcenturywhenmodernlanguagessuchasFrench,ItalianandEnglishgainedinimportanceasaresultofpoliticalchangesinEurope.ThemodernlanguagesprovidedoneoftheconditionsforgrammaranalysisandtheapplicationofgrammaticalrulesintranslationexercisesinteachingLatin.

*theGrammar-TranslationMethodoriginatedfromthe18thcentury.

Inthe19thcentury,moreexpertsofforeignlanguageteachingadoptedthestrategyofcombininggrammarruleswithtranslationandtheGrammar-TranslationMethodbecametheprincipalmethodofteachingmodernlanguagesinschools.

Theoryoflanguage.

Traditionallinguistics.

ComparativeHistoricalLinguistics:

（1）Alllanguagesoriginatefromonelanguageandareruledbyacommongrammar.

（2）Thewrittenformofthelanguageissuperiortothespokenform.

（3）Thestudents’firstlanguageisthereferencesysteminthelearningofthetargetlanguage.

Theoryoflanguagelearning.

FacultyPsychology:

1.Themindofhumanbeingshasvariousfacultieswhichcouldbetrainedseparately.

2.Understandingandmemorizationofcomplicatedgrammaticalrulesoflanguageswereregardedasimportantmeansofdevelopingmentality.

3.Latingrammaristhemostlogicalandwell-organizedgrammar.

Educationalvalue:

classicalhumanism.Thelanguagewasregardedasabodyofesteemedknowledgetobelearned,withanemphasisonintellectualrigor.

Originoftraditionallinguistics

Traditionallinguisticshasatraditionofmorethan2000years.InthefifthcenturyB.C.theGreeksbegantomakeaseriousstudyoflanguageintherealmofphilosophy.

TwocontroversiesinancientGreece

Onewasbetweenthenaturalistsandtheconventionalistsontherelationsbetweenformandmeaning.Thenaturalistsarguedthattheformsofwordsreflecteddirectlythenatureofobjects.Theconventionaliststhoughtthatlanguagewasconventionalandtherewasnologicconnectionbetweenformandmeaningofwords.

Theotherwasbetweentheanalogistsandtheanomalistsontheregularitiesoflanguage.Theanalogistsclaimedthatlanguageingeneralwasregularandtherewererulesforpeopletofollow.TheanomalistsmaintainedthatlanguagewasbasicallyirregularandthatwaswhythereweresomanyexceptionsandirregularitiesintheGreeklanguage.

Syllabus

Astructural（orformal）syllabusisoneinwhichthecontentoflanguageteachingisacollectionoftheformsandstructures,usuallygrammatical,ofthelanguagebeingtaught.

Instructionalmaterial

Classicaltextsandcarefullycompiledtextsaccordingtogrammarsystemareused.

Assessment

Inthegrammar/translationapproachtolanguageteachingandlearning,assessmentmostlyinvolvedtestsofdiscreteitemsofgrammaticalknowledgeandtranslation.

3.Topic:

TheoreticalbasesfortheDirectMethod

TheDirectMethod

Theoryoflanguage

Viewsproposedbytheinnovatorsandreformersofthe19thcentury:

1.EverylanguagehasitsowestructureandcannotbeforcedintothestraitjacketofLatingrammar.

2.Spokenlanguagecameintobeingbeforewrittenlanguageandspeechpatternsratherthangrammararethefundamentalelementsoflanguage.

3.Spokenlanguageisalearnablesystemofsounds,andsoundsarebestdescribedbyphonetictranscription.

4.AccordingtoGouin,verbalexpressionisintimatelylinkedwiththoughtaboutrealevents.Thoughtsandcorrespondingutterancesdonotoccurrandomlyorsingly;theycomeinsequencesandends-meansseries.

Theoryoflanguagelearning

Thelearningoflanguageswasasanalogoustothefirstlanguageacquisition,andthelearningprocessesinvolvedwereofteninterpretedintermsofanassociationistpsychology.

Thelearnerwillacquirerulesofgrammarinductively.

Instructionalmaterials

Spokeneverydayspeechinthetargetlanguageisstudiedinpreferencetoliterarylanguage.

4.Topic:

Theoreticalbasesfortheaudio-lingualmethod

TheAudiolingualMethod

Background

AmericanArmySpecializedTrainingProgram

Aural-OralorStructuralApproachdevelopedbyFriesandhiscolleagues（In1941,thefirstEnglishlanguageinstituteintheU.S.wasestablishedintheUniversityofMichigan.）

*Americanstructuralism

Behavioristpsychology

Theaudio-lingualmethodwaswidelyusedintheUnitedStatesandothercountriesinthe1950'sand1960's.Itisstillusedinsomeprogramstoday.

Theoryoflanguage

Americanstructuralistviews:

Elementsinalanguageareproducedinarule-governed（structured）way.

Languagesamplescouldbeexhaustivelydescribedatanystructurallevelofdescription.

Languageisstructuredlikeapyramid,thatis,linguisticlevelsaresystemswithinsystems.

Thestructurallinguistsbelievedthatlanguageisspeech.

Thestructurallinguistsbelievedthatlanguagesaredifferent.

Theoryoflanguagelearning

Behavioristpsychology（Behaviorism）

ThebasictheoreticalprinciplesoftheAudiolingualMethod.（Moulton,1961）

Languageisspeech,notwriting.

Alanguageiswhatitsnativespeakerssay,notwhatsomeonethinkstheyoughttosay.

Languagesaredifferent.

ALanguageisasetofhabits.

Teachthelanguage,notaboutthelanguage.

OriginofAmericanstructuralism

Americanstructuralismstartedatthebeginningofthe20thcenturyandwasverypopularandinfluentialinthe1930sand1940sthroughouttheworld.

*ContributionofLeonardBloomfield（布龙菲尔德）

HeisregardedasthefatherofAmericanstructuralism.HisbookLanguage（1933）becamethebibleoflinguisticsandremainedunsurpassedasanintroductiontolinguisticsaftermorethan3decades.

*ContributionofB.F.Skinner

B.F.Skinner（1904—1990）wasregardedastheleaderofbehaviorism.

Classicalconditioningandoperantconditioning

Onekindoflearningprocessesisnowcalledclassicalconditioning,bywhichastimulusthatdidnotelicitaresponsecomestoelicitaresponseafteritispairedseveraltimeswithastimulusthatalreadyelicitaresponse.

Functionofimitationandpractice

Imitationandpracticeplayanimportantroleintheprocessofhabit-formation,becausethebehavioristsmaintainedthatimitationwillhelplearnersidentifytheassociationsbetweenstimuliandresponseswhilepracticewillreinforcetheassociationsandhelplearnerstoformthenewlinguistichabits.

Positivetransfer

Ifthemothertongueandthetargetlanguagehavethesamelinguistichabits,thenpositivetransferswilloccurandthetargetlanguagelearningprocesswillbefacilitated.

Negativetransfer

Whenthemothertongueandthetargetlanguageshareameaningbutexpressitindifferentways,thelearnerwilltransferthewaysofexpressioninthemothertonguetothetargetlanguage.Thisiscallednegativetransferandtheresultsofsuchtransfersarerealizedbyerrorsmadebythelearner.

Attitudetowardserror

Errorsshouldbeavoidedandshouldbecorrectediftheyhavebeenmade,becausetheyareindicationofnon-learningandhavethedangerofbecomingbadlinguistichabits.

Functionofcontrastiveanalysis

Ifacarefulanddetailedcomparisonbetweenthemothertongueandthetargetlanguageisdone,thenalltheerrorsinsecondlanguagelearningprocesscanbepredictedandavoided.

Techniques

Repetitiondrill

Simplesubstitutiondrill

Transformationdrill

Question-and-answerdrill

Expansiondrill

Clausecombinationdrill

Backwardbuild-updrill

Chaindrill

Mini-dialogue

Completion

Useofminimalpairs

Procedures

Recognition

Imitationandrepetition

PatternDrill

Follow-upactivities

5.Topic:

TheoreticalBasesforCognitiveMethod

Background

AstheAudiolingualMethodwasonthedeclineinthe1960sandmanyshortcomingswerefoundinit,theCognitiveApproachdevelopedasanalternative,inresponsetothecriticismsleveledagainstaudiolingualism.

TheCognitiveApproach

Theoryoflanguage.

Transformationalgenerativelinguistics

BrunnerandhisdiscoverymethodThefamous

Heholdsthatlearnersshouldorganizeknowledgeforthemselvesbyusingdiscoverymethod,ratherthanhavingmaterialsprepackagedbytheteacher.

*ContributionofNoamChomsky（乔姆斯基）

Theyear1957sawthepublicationofNoamChomsky’sbookSyntacticStructures,whichstartedarevolutioninthelinguisticworldandusheredinanewschool---thetransformationalgenerativelinguistics.

Languageacquisitiondevice

Chomskyassumesthatchildrenarebornwithalanguageacquisitiondevice（LAD）.ThisLADismadeupofaseto