国贸实务复习内容.docx
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国贸实务复习内容
第一章
1.problemsconcerninginternationaltrade
1)Culturaldifference
2)Monetaryconversion
3)Tradebarriers
2.ReasonsforInternationalTrade
1)Resourceacquisition
2)Benefitsacquisition
3)Diversification
3.AbriefintroductiontoInternationalTrade
InternationalTradeisabusinesswhichinvolvesthecrossingofnationalborders.Itincludesnotonlyinternationaltradeandforeignmanufacturing,butalsoencompassesthegrowingservicesindustryinareassuchastransportation,tourism,banking,advertising,construction,retailing,wholesalingandmasscommunications.Itincludesallbusinesstransactionsthatinvolvetwoormorecountries.Suchbusinessrelationshipmaybeprivateorgovernmental.
4.FormsofInternationalTrade
☐1.merchandiseExports&Imports
☐2.ServiceExp.&Imp.
☐3.Licensing
☐4.Tradingcompany
☐5.Jointventure
☐6.Investment
☐7.Visibleandinvisibletrade(教材有课件没的)
第二章
1.Exportingistheprocessofearningmoneybyprovidingtherightproductattherightprice,attherighttime,intherightplacebeyondyourhomeboundary.
2.4P原则:
Therightproduct;therightplace;availablethroughtherightchannelsfordistribution:
place;presentedintherightway:
promotion.
3.BasicdocumentsneededinExport&ImportTransaction(进出口贸易所需的基本单证):
(1)Billoflading提单
(2)Commercialinvoice商业发票
(3)ProformaInvoice形式发票
(4)ConsularInvoice领事发票
(5)Packinglist装箱单
(6)Weightmemo重量单
(7)CertificateofInspection检验证书
(8)Certificateoforigin原产地证明书
(9)SalesContract销售合同
(10)Salesconfirmation.销售确认书
4.Thewholeoperationgenerallygoesthroughfourstages:
(1).preparationforexporting;
1)marketresearch
A.Indirectinvestigation(Informationsources)
B.Directinvestigation(waysofdirectinvestigation)
C.theproductofinvestigation--investigationreport
2)Exportpromotion
⏹fourtoolsofmarketingcommunication:
⏹A.advertising
⏹B.personalselling
⏹C.salespromotion
⏹D.publicity
3)creditinformation--thesourcesofcreditinformation
a恳请贵方尽量收集有关横滨市丰田公司的信用状况方面的材料。
WillyoupleasebekindenoughtoobtainforusallinformationpossiblerespectingthestandingofMessrs.Toyoda&Co.,ofYokohama.
b因为本公司正要与该公司订立某重要交易,所以希望事先正确地了解该公司的信用状况。
Asweonthepointoftransactingsomeimportantbusinesswiththem,weshouldliketoknowexactlyhowtheircreditstands.
c请惠予告知该公司的近邻与顾客对该公司的评价,本人将深感谢意。
Ishallfellundergreatobligationifyouwilladvisemeconfidentiallyrespectingthereputationtheyenjoyamongyourneighborsandcorrespondents.
d对于贵公司所提供的情报,无论内容如何,一定会严守秘密。
Anyinformationyoumaygivemewill,ofcourse,betreatedasstrictlyconfidential.
e如有幸由贵处得知附件中所提及的公司目前的财政情况,本公司将不胜感激。
Youwouldgreatlyobligemebyobtainingformeinformationastothepresentfinancialpositionofthefirmnamedontheattachedslip.
(2).businessnegotiation
1)定义:
aprocessinwhichthesellerandthebuyernegotiateaboutthetradetermsinordertoreachanagreementaboutthesalesofgoods.
2)Contentofnegotiating:
ⅰ.Thesubjectmatterofthecontract合同的标的物
ⅱ.Thepriceofthegoods货物的价格
ⅲ.Theliabilitiesoftheseller卖方的责任
ⅳ.Theliabilitiesofthebuyer买方的责任
ⅴ.Themethodstopreventtheoccurrenceofdisputesandmethodstosettledisputesincasethereisany.避免发生争端的办法及万一发生时的解决办法
3)fourstagesthatbusinessnegotiationusuallyundergoes:
ⅰ.Enquiry询盘,邀请发盘
Concept:
enquiryisusuallymadebythebuyer,inquiringtheselleraboutthetermsofsale.Itcanalsobemadebythebuyer,statinghisintentionofsellingacertainkindofgoodstothebuyer.
⏹whoevermakesaninquiryisnotobligedtobuyorsell,andtheotherparty,atthesametime,canmakenoreplyatall.
ⅱ.Offer发盘
(1)Typesofoffer:
发盘的种类
A.firmoffer&non-firmoffer
difference:
contractualobligation区别(有无契约义务)
B.selleroffer&buyingoffer卖方发盘与买方发盘,买方发盘又称为递盘
(2)therequirementsforanoffer:
构成发盘的必需条件
A.theoffereemustbespecified;受盘人特定
B.theoffermustbedefinite;发盘内容十分明确
C.theofferormustshowhisintentiontoconcludeacontractandabidebythecontract.发盘人必须表明达成合同的意愿,并受其约束。
(3)Thecontentoffirmoffer
Example:
Weofferfirmforreplyherewithinoneweek,100metrictonsofhand-pickedandselectedgroundnutsforJulyshipmentatUS$450pertonCIFLondon.PaymentbyirrevocablesightL/CopenedatafirstclassLondonbank.
(4)thetimeofvalidityofanoffer发盘的有效期
Itcanbestatedinawrittenoffer:
Offersubjecttoreplytenth/tenthhere/tenthourtime十日内复到有效,以我方时间为准
(5)TheWithdrawalandRevocationofanOffer发盘的撤回与撤销
⏹A.Withdrawal:
afterthedeliveryofanoffer,theofferorcanwithdrawhisofferifthewithdrawalhasreachedtheoffereebeforeoratthesametimeastheoffer撤回:
发盘发出后,如果发盘人的撤回通知比发盘提前或与发盘同时到达,发盘就可以撤回。
B.Revocation:
①Thecontinentallawsstipulatethatofferscannotberevokedduringtheperiodofvalidity.Eg.French&German.大陆法系规定在发盘有效期内发盘不能撤销。
②BritishandAmericanlawsrulethatordinarilyanofferorcanrevokehisofferbeforeitisacceptedeventhoughtheofferorhadexpresslypromisedthattheofferwouldbegoodforastatedperiodandthatperiodhadnotyetexpired,英美法系规定即使发盘规定了有效期而且没有过期,发盘人在发盘被接受以前也是可以撤销。
(6)TheTerminationofanOffer发盘的终止
⏹anofferterminatesorbecomesineffectivewhen:
发盘在以下情况下会失效
⏹A.theperiodofvalidityexpires;
⏹有效期届满
⏹B.offerorhasreceivedarefusalorcounter-offeroftheofferee
⏹发盘人的发盘被拒绝或还盘
⏹C.theofferorhaseffectivelywithdrawnorrevokedtheoffer.
⏹发盘人已有效撤回或撤销了发盘
ⅲ.Counter-offer还盘
⏹meaningofcounter-offer:
anoffermadebyanoffereetoanofferor,acceptingsometermsandchangingotherterms.还盘是由受盘人向发盘人发出的报盘,他要求接受一部分条件,且要求更改其他条件。
⏹anewoffer,theoriginalofferlapse还盘构成一项新的发盘,使原来的发盘实效。
⏹Example:
“RelatingtoyourofferofApril4thCounter-offer,firmforreplyhereApril20.US$400,Juneshipment”
ⅳ.Acceptance接受
⏹A.concept:
anacceptanceisanassenttotermsofanofferorcounter-offer.Itmeanstheformationofthecontractedrelationshipofthetwoparties.Theycanbegintheirbusinessnoweveniftheyhavenotsignedawrittencontractorasalesconfirmation.
⏹概念:
接受是对发盘或还盘中交易条件的完全同意。
接受意味着双方之间合同关系的成立,现在即使不签署书面合同或销售确认书双方也可以进行贸易。
⏹B.Effectiveacceptance:
有效的接受
①Itmustbemadebyofferee;必须是由受盘人作出
②Itmustbeshowneitherbywordsoractionsorinwrittenform.
③Itmustreachtheofferorwithinthetimeofvalidityoftheoffer.
④Itshouldbeunconditional.必须是无条件的。
⏹**Thedifferencebetweencounter-offerandacceptance还盘与接受的区别:
⏹Areplytoanoffermaypurporttobeanacceptance.Itcancontainadditionalofdifferenttermswhichdonotmateriallyalterthetermsoftheoffer.对发盘的回应可能是接受,接受中可以包括一些非实质性改变发盘条件的附加或修改条件。
⏹Areplytoanoffermaypurporttobeacounter-offer.Itcancontainadditionalofdifferenttermswhichmateriallyalterthetermsoftheoffer.对发盘的回应也可能是还盘,只要回应中包含的附加或修改条款造成对发盘条件的实质性变更。
⏹additionalofdifferenttermswhichmateriallyalterthetermsoftheofferarerelatingtotheprice,payment,qualityandquantityofthegoods,placeandtimeofdeliveryorthesettlementofdisputes.
⏹实质性改变发盘条件的附加或修改条件包括与价格、付款、货物的品质与数量、交货的时间与地点及争端的解决有关的交易条件。
⏹非实质性变更,如要求提供重量单、装箱单、商检证等单据,要求增加提供装船样品或某些单据的份数,要求分两批装运等。
⏹案例分析
⏹
(1)我某公司向法国一客户发盘,后者很快回复,接受,但价格降至15美圆,我方不给理睬,而是以高价卖给了其他客户,法国商人坚持合同有效。
最后诉诸法律,结果怎样?
⏹
(2)我某公司向美国一客户发盘,后者很快回复,接受,但要求提供产地证明,我方不给理睬,而是以高价卖给了其他客户,商人坚持合同有效。
最后诉诸法律,结果怎样?
⏹解析:
⏹不能作部分/有条件的接受、或对发盘条件作实质性修改
⏹可作非实质性的添加、限制和更改,此种情况下,除非发盘人在合理时间内表示反对,则变更过的内容成为合同的一部分
⏹表示接受的术语:
accept,agree,confirm
⏹Example:
YOURSFOURTEENTHACCEPTED。
Lateacceptance迟到的接受
⏹Alateacceptanceisneverthelesseffectiveasanacceptanceif,withoutdelay,theofferororallysoinformstheoffereeordispatchesanoticetothateffect.如果发盘人于收到逾期接受后,毫不迟延地通知受盘人,确认其为有效,则该逾期接受仍有接受的效力;
⏹Ifaletterorotherwritingcontainingalateacceptanceshowsthatithasbeensentinsuchcircumstancesthatifitstransmissionhadbeennormalitwouldhavereachedtheofferorinduetime,thelateacceptanceiseffectiveasanacceptanceunless,withoutdelay,theofferororallyinformstheoffereethatheconsidershisofferashavingelapsedordispatchesanoticetothateffect.一项逾期接受,从它使用的信件或其他书面文件表明,在传递正常的情况下,本能及时送达发盘人,由于出现传递不正常的情况而造成了延误,这种逾期接受仍可被认为是有效的,除非发盘人毫不延迟地用口头或书面形式通知受盘人,他认为他的发盘已经失效。
案例3:
我出口企业对意大利某商人发盘限10日复到有效,9日意商人用电报通知我方接受该发盘,由于电报局传递延误,我方于11日上午才收到对方的接受通知,而我方在收到接受通知前获悉市场价格已上涨,对此,我方应如何处理?
⏹分析:
中国与意大利均系《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》缔约国,该案双方洽谈过程中,均未排除或作出任何保留,因此,双方当事人均应受《公约》约束。
我方于11月收到意商的接交电报属因传递延误而造成的逾期接受。
因此,如我方不能同意此项交易,应即复电通知对方:
我方原发盘已经失效。
如我方鉴于其他原因,愿按原发盘达成交易,订立合同,可回电确信,也可不予答复,予以默认。
Thewithdrawalofanacceptance接受的撤回
⏹Anacceptancebecomeseffectivewhenithasreachedtheofferorandcontractisthereuponconcluded.接受在到达发盘人时生效,由此合同成立。
⏹Anacceptancecanbewithdrawnonlyifthewithdrawalreachestheofferorbeforeoratthesametimeastheacceptancewouldhavebecomeeffective.只有当撤回通知与接受通知同时或早于接受通知到达发盘人,发盘才能有效撤回。
(3)Implementationofcontract,;
(4)settlementofdisputes(ifnecessary).
InSalescontract(underCIF,paymentbyL/C),thefollowingsixlinksusuallyshouldbetakencareofbytheexporter:
在采用CIF术语,以信用证结算的合同中,出口方通常要注意按以下六个环节执行:
A.Gettingthegoodsreadyforshipment;备货待运
B.Inspectionapplication报检
C.ExaminationandamendmentoftheL/C;审证改证
D.Bookingshippingspace;租船订舱
E.makeshipmentcustomsformalities;办理海关手续
F.insuringgoods;货物投保
G.banknegotiation.向银行议付货款
第三章
一、definition:
Acontractisanagreementthatcreatesanobligation,whichisabinding,legallyenforceableagreementbetweentwoormorecompetentparties.合同是一份具有法律效力的协议,并对双方或更多方具有约束力。
注:
我国只承认书面合同,不承认口头形式的合同。
合同通常是一式两份,买卖双方各持一份。
二.salescontract&salesconfirmation(S/C)
commonground:
boththesalescontractandthesalesconfirmationareequallybindingontheparties.相同点:
销售合同与销售确认书都具有法律约束力。
Differenceb