英国公学演变历史.docx

英国公学演变历史.docx

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英国公学演变历史

Introductionofbritisheducationhistory

Schoolswereattachedtomonasteriesandchurchestoeducateclericswhowerethecivilcervantsandthescholarsofthetimeaswellasmonks,nunsandpriests.Educationhadnodirectcontrolbythestate,thechurchhadbeenalmostamonopolyofliteracyandeducation.Existedchantryschoolsforboysfrompoorfamilies,beatingwashighlyrecommendedinchantryschoolsandwasanimportanypartofschoolandhomeeducation;songschoolsattachedtocathedralsandalmonryschoolsattachedtomonasteriesforsonsofthoseconnectedwiththereligioushousetowhichtheywereattachedorforrelativesofmonks.Aftersongandalmonryschoolsyoungmenknewalphabet,wereabletosingreligioussongs,toreadLatinprayersandtoreadinEnglish.Differentfromchantryschoolsinthesong&almonryschoolsbeatingwasnotrecomended,thosewhobroketherulesfelttherodwithoutdelayandifanyoneknewLatinbutspokeEnglishorFrenchwithcompanionsorwiththeclerk,hada'blowfromtherod'foreveryword.TheninBritainofthosedaysexistedpreparatoryandgrammarfee-payingschoolsforsonsofmerchants.InpreparatoryschoolsweretaughtreadingandwritinginLatinandEnglishsufficientforenteringagrammarschool,andingrammarschoolitselfweretaughtLatinandDivinity.AfterleavinggrammarschoolayoungmanknewLatinGrammar,wasabletotranslatefromEnglishintoLatin,couldsinginLatinandcompose24versesaday,ingrammarschoolsyoungmentookpartindebatesconductedinLatin.TheinBritainalsoexistedhomeeducationforfuturemonarcs,sonsofnoblemen.Menweretaughtmilitaryartsandcourtetiquettesotheschool-leavershadsomemilitaryskillsandskillsincourtyaccomplishments.Thenduringthe12thand13thcenturiesweresomeprivatefoundations:

bythebishopofWinchestertheWinchestercollegewasfounded（1383）nowadaysincludedtoClarendaNine（ninemostprivillegedandoldestuniversitiesinBritain）,during12th-13thcenturieswerealsofoundedOxfordandCambridgeUniversities.

15th-16thcenturies

HenrytheEightsdisbandsthemonasteries,werefounded'publicschools'Eton,Winchester&others.Existedinfantor'petty'schoolsforsonsofmerchants,skilledcraftsmenandsquires.Boysweretaughtreading,writingandsayingcatechismoraseriesofquestionsandanswersaboutGodandChurch.TheaimofsuchschoolswastoteachaboytobeabletoreadandwriteinEnglish.IninfantschoolswasabeliefthatchildrenaresinfulwhentheyarebornandinordertomakethemgrowupintogoodChristians,parentsandteachersshouldbeverystrictwiththemanditgoeswithoutsayinginthatbeatingwasthoughttobethebestwayofmakingchildrenlearn.Soifsomepupilmadeamistakeatthelessonhewasbeaten.Thenexistedgrammarandpublicschoolsforsonsoftradesmenandcraftsmen.ButthenchildrenweretaughtnotonlyLatin&Divinity,butGreek,ArithmeticandMusicsothatthepupilswereabletospeakandwriteinLatin,towritepoemsandessaysinLatin,theyknewsomepassagesfromtheBiblebyheart.Forboysfromthepoorfamiliesexistedparishschools,whereboysweretaughtReading,WritingandabitofLatinandwereabletosaytheLord'sPrayer.Alsostillexistedhomeeducationforfuturemonarchs,sonsofnobilityunderthesupervisionofaknight.Educationaimedatteaching:

themilitaryarts,courtetiquetteandsocialgraces,readingandwritinginLatin,sports.Theneducationforgirlsarose.ButactuallyitwasconsideredmoreimportantforagirltoknowabouthousewiferythanLatin.Andsothegirlsdidnotattendschool,buttheywereoftentaughtinwell-to-dofamilieshowtoread,writeanddosums.In1509inLondonwasfoundedSt.Paul'sschool,in1552Shrewburyschoolwasfounded,in1560-Westminsterschool,in1561-TheMerchantTaylors'publicschoolforboysinLondon,in1567-RugbyschoolinYorkshire,in1572-HarrowschoolinMiddlesex.AllofthemareincludedintothelistofClarendaNine.

The17thcentury

OrtheStuartperiod.Duringthatperiodstillexistedparishschoolsforpoorchildren,whereweretaughtReadingandReligiousinstruction,Writing,ArithmeticandthesameasintheTudorperiod（15th-16thcenturies）beatingwasthoughttobethebestwayofmakingchildrenlearn;inthecharityschoolswereeducatedtheboysfromthepoorfamilies.The'subjects'wereReligion,ReadingandWriting.Alsostillexistedgrammarschoolsforthesonsoftradesmenandcraftsmenandthemajorfocuswasstillonclassicaleducationthere,butModernsybjectsbecamebeingrecognizedasalsoimportant.GrammarschoolsduringtheStuartperiodpreparedboysforapplyingtoOxbridge.Inpublicschools-fortheboysfromthewealthyfamiliesweretaughtLatin,Greek,SportsandReligiousStudies.Thistypeofschoolswasmadetoformarealgentlemanfromaboy.During17thcenturyin1611Charterhouseschoolwasfoundedonthesiteofaformer'charterhouse'inLondon.In1872itwastransferedtoSurrey.AsoneoftheleadingpublicschoolforboysitisincludedinthelistoftheClarendaNine.Thesituationchangedinattitudetogirlsin17thcentury.Soinwell-to-dofamiliesgirlsgoteducationwhilesharingtheirbrothers'tutors'lessonsorundertheguidanceofopen-mindedfathers,buttheproportionofilliteratewomenwasveryhigh（80percentinLondonand100percentinEastAnglia）.ThereweresomeschoolsforgirlswithmojorfocusonDancing,Music,PaintingandSinging,WritingandAccounting.AndveryfewincludedLatin,Greek,Italian,French,Spanish,Hebrew,Experimenting,Philosophy.

The19thcentury

Inthe19thcenturytherewasconsiderablegrowthofpublicschoolstoprovideadministratorsandofficersforthedevelopingBritishEmpireandelementaryschoolstoprovidebasicskills（thethreeR's）ofreading,writingandarithmeticfortheskilledworkforcerequiredbytheindustrialrevolution.Duringthe1811-1814schoolswereorganizedinwhichtheBiblewasthebasisofinstructions.TheNationalSchoolswereorganizedbytheNationalSocietyforPromotingtheEducationofthePooronthePrinciplesoftheEstablishedChurch.In1833firstgrantsweregiventothesuchchurchschools.In1839therewasagrowthofthestate'sinterestintheeducationofchildrenforlifeandworkintheindustrialcivilization.ControlofgrantswasgiventoanewcommitteecalledtheEducationDepartmentandtheschoolsweretobeinspectedasaconditionforreceivingtheirgrants.Aminimumlevelofstatesupportwasestablished.In1841RoedeanSchoolwasfoundednearBrightoninSussex.Itisoneofthemostprivilegedpublicschoolsforgirls.Nowithasabout400students.In1853CheltenhamLadies'CollegewasfoundedinCheltenham,Gloucestershire.ItisoneoftheleadingpublicschoolsforgirlsinBritainandnowadaysithasabout800students.In1861thesystemofgrantsestablishedbytheEducationDepartmentin1839wasreplacedbyasystemcalled'Paymentsbyresults':

onethirdofthegrantwastodependonthepupils'attendanceandtwothirdsontheresultsoftheirexaminationsinreading,writingandarithmetic.Theeducationreformswerecauseddytheneedsofindustryandtradewhichdemandedmassliteracyforworkersandbettereducationforthemanagerialclass.In1870Foster'sElementaryEducationActwasestablishedanditprovidedelementaryeducationforeverychildandsetupSchoolBoardstoorganizeschoolsindistrictswheretherewerenotenoughschools.Childrenweretobetaughttounderstandandfollowsimpleinstructions,tocalculatesimplemeasurements,weightsandmoney,tobeabletoworkwithsimplemachineryortoserveinshops.In1876Sandon'sActwasestablishedaccordingtowhichparentsweregiventheresponsibilityofensuringthatchildrenbetweentheagesof5andthirteenwenttoschool.Mundella'sActwasestablishedin1880andaccordingtoeducationbecamecompulsoryforthechildrenbetweenagesof5&10;parentshadtopayafewpenceaweekinfees.ButaftertheFreeEducationActestablishedin1891thelastnoteworthyactduringthe19thcentury,elementaryeducationbecamefree.

The20thcentury

Duringthe20thcenturyalsowerelotsofActsestablishedandreformsmadesowe'llpayattentiontoit.Andinadditionwecancallitthelastcenturynow.Soin1902Balfour'sEducationActwasestablished.Inprovidedforextendingsecondaryeducation（educationagewasraisedtotwelveyears）,subsidisingchurchschoolsfromlocalratesandabolishingthelocallyelectedScoolBoards,subtitutingaslocalauthoritiesthecountryorboroughcouncils.Newgrammarschoolswerebuiltandothersreceivedgrantsinreturnforprovidingaproportionoffreeplacesinordertomeettheneedsofbetter-educatedworkhousetooccupytheincreasingnumberofwhitecollarjobsincommerceandindustry.In1906aLabourMPsucceededingettingaPrivateMember'sBillpassedwhichgavelocalauthoritiespowertoprovidemealsforchildrengoingfoodlesstoschool.Allsecondaryschoolsreceivingpublicmoneyhadtoofferatleast25percentoftheirplacesasfreescholarships.In1918begantoworkFisher'sActwhichraisedtheschool-leavingageto14andelementaryfeeswereabolished.Thenin1926weseeHadow'sreportwhichsuggestedtwotypesofschools:

Grammar（anacademiceducationwithaschool-leavingageof16）andSecondaryModern（apracticallybasededucationwithaschoolleavingageof14）.ThengoesButler'sActwhichintroducedfreecompulsorysecondaryeducation.Britishsocietywasdefinedasmeritocracy,itmeanssocietyinwhicheverychildisgivenamaximumhelptodevelophis/hertalents.Thetripartitesystemwasestablished:

Grammarschoolsfor