英语语法教程2.docx

英语语法教程2.docx

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英语语法教程2

第二章动词时态

概述

Tenseisagramcategorywhichexpressestherelationshipbetweentheformoftheverbandthetimeoftheactionorstateitdescribed;

Presenttenseandpasttense

Aspectis人们对动词所表达的事件的活动方式是如何看待的或该动作是以什么方式在活动的）

theprogressiveaspect,andperfectaspect.

Thetwoaspectscombinefreelywithtenseandwitheachother.Asaresult,inEnglishwehavetwotensesandsixaspects:

现在时过去时

Workworked

完成体haveworkedhadworked

进行体areworkingwereworking

完成进行体havebeenworkinghadbeenworking

1.一般现在时P16-17

1）表示不受时限的客观存在

Mancannotlivewithoutwater.

2）表示现在习惯性的动作

Healwayssleepswithhiswindowsopen.

3）表示现时状态

Youlookpale.What’sthematterwithyou?

4）表示现在瞬间动作

a）体育运动的实况报道

HarperpassestheballtoJem;Jemshootsandthegoalkeeperleapsforitbut---yes,it’sagoal.

b）表演或演示的解说词

Look,Itakethiscardfromthepackandplaceitunderthehandkerchief.

c）专门用语或日常用语

Ideclarethemeetingopen.

Iwishyouallahappynewyear.

5）表示将来时间

We’llstayathomeifitrainstomorrow.

I’llhavedonethejobwhenyoucomeback.

TomorrowisFriday.

Ihopeyouhaveagoodtimethere.

I’llseetoitthateverythingisOKwhenyoucomeback.

Theplanetakesoffat7:

30tomorrowmorning

Theplanewilltakeoff….

6）表示过去时间

a）newspaperheadlines,e.g.

ChildrenStarveinAfrica

b）photographiccations,e.g.

QueenElizabethcutsribbonforthelibrary

c）utteranceswithverbsofcommunication（say,tell,hear,etc）

Ihearyou’regettingmarriednextmonth.

JohntellsmethatMarydiedlastnight.

----you’dbettertakeanumbrella.Itlooksasifit’sgoingtorain.

----Buttheweatherbroadcastsaysit’sgoingtoclearup

----HastherebeenanynewsoftheBrowns?

Iheartheyhadtroublelastmonth.

----Tomtellsmetherewasnothingserious.

2．一般过去时P17-18

1）表示过去的习惯动作

Theboysoldnewspaperseverymorningforaliving.

2）表示在特定过去时间中一次完成的动作或一度存在的状态

TheyvisitedtheschoollastFriday.

WelivedinShanghaiforfiveyears.

3）表示一种婉转的口气

Iwonderedifyoucouldlendme100yuan.

Iwonderifyoucanlendme100yuan.

Iwaswonderingifyoucouldhaveacupoftea

Didyouunderstand?

4）表示与主观设想或与现在事实相反的主观设想

It’stimeyouhadaholiday.

Iwishyoulivedclosertous

IfIhadthemoneynow,Iwouldbuyacar.

I’dratheryoudidn’tactsofoolishly.

Ifonlytheystoppedthisconstantcomplaining.

3.一般将来时

P18-20

IamlearningEnextweek

Begoingto可用于条件句表示将来时间，will/shalldo则不能。

Ifyouaregoingtoplayfootballthisafternoon,you’dbettergetyourshoespreparednow.

Iamgoingtotellheraboutit

Theceilingisgoingtofalldown

Itisgoingtorain

Thepatientistodiesoon

HeisgoingtogoShanghainextweek

Heistogoto…..

Youaretogetthejob

Manistodie

Hewillbehavingaclasstomorrowmorning

HeisabouttogotoShanghainthisafternoon

4.进行时（现在、过去、将来）

1）Thefourbasicsemanticcomponentsofprogressiveness:

有限的持续性

Heiswritinganovelthesedays

未完成性

Iwasreadingabooklastnight.

Ireadabooklastnight

Wewerecomingyesterdayevening,butmissedthelastbus.

Iwastellingthemallaboutitifyoudidn’tstopme.

重复性

Someoneisknockingatthedoor.

Heknockedatthedoorbutno-oneheardit.

Thelittleboywasjumpingonthesportsground

短暂性

HeisteachingEnglish.

HeteachesEnglish.

ShelivesinGuangzhou

SheislivinginGuabngzhou

Thisclockkeepsgoodtime.Ithasawell-deservedreputation.

Thatclockiskeepinggoodtimenow,butyoumayfinditstopatanymoment.

Page21-22

Heisalwaysaskingmeformoney

Notice:

（1）be的进行时态+动态形容词，可表示在某一相对短暂时刻人们的特征和性质。

I’mjustbeingcurious.CanIhavealookatthephoto?

Maryisbeinggenerousnow.

Theappleisbeingbig

Youarebeingkindtome

（2）现在进行时可表示刚刚过去的动作（仅限于tell,say,talk等动词）

Youdon’tbelieveit?

YouknowI’mtellingthetruth.

Idon’tknowwhatyouaretalkingabout.

（3）现在进行时表示婉转口气

I’mhopingyou’llgiveussomeadvice.

I’mwonderingifImayhaveawordwithyou.

（4）过去进行时表示过去曾打算做某事，但因故未能做成

Wewerecomingyaeterdayevening,butmissedthelastbus.

Iwastellingthemallaboutitifyoudidn’tstopme.

5.完成时（现在、过去、将来）P22-28

ILearnedEnglishbutIforgetallaboutit

IhavelearnedEsoIcanspeakitnow

6.完成进行事（现在、过去、将来）P28-30

现在完成进行时比现在完成时更强调动作的延续性和不间断性：

前者可以说是后者的强调形式。

We’vebeenlivingherefortenyears.

We’velivedherefortenyears.

在不用时间状语的情况下，现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行，而现在完成时则表示动作在过去已经结束：

Thestudentshavebeenpreparingfortheexam.一直在准备考试

Thestudentshavepreparedfortheexam.对考试作了准备

6.时态的替代

在同一场合下可以使用两种或多种不同的时态，表达的意思不变或甚微

1）当谓语动词是hope,suppose.Bet,assume等动词时，后面宾语从句中的谓语动词常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

Ihopeyouwillhaveagoodtime

--Ihopeyouhaveagoodtime

2）ache,feel,hurt等肉体感觉动词表示暂时状态时，用不用进行时均可。

Myfootaches----Myfootisaching

3）表示转变过程的动词get后接形容词比较级，表示“越来越…”的意思时，可用一般现在时代替现在进行时。

Thecityisgettingbiggerandbigger.

--Thecitygetsbiggerandbigger.

4）在以as,when,while引导的时间状语从句中，谓语动词是持续性动词时，一般过去时和过去进行时意义相同。

IreadanewspaperwhileIwaited.

--IreadanewspaperwhileIwaswaiting.

Whenyouread/arereadinginthereading-room

5）当句子中有today,just,never,ever,recently,thisyear等状语时，谓语动词用一般过去时和现在完成时意义相同。

Ihaveneverseensuchatallbuilding.

--Ineversawsuchatallbuilding.

6）当谓语是learn,tell,hear,say,inform等动词时，可用现在一般时代替现在完成时或过去时。

MartintoldmetheSmithsaremoving.

--MartintellsmetheSmithsaremoving.

Alicehastoldmeyouareenteringcollegenextyear.

--Alicetellsme……

7）在after,assoonas,themoment等引导的时间状语从句中，如果动词是短暂性动词，完成时与一般时意义相同。

We’iileaveassoonasitstopsraining.

--We’llleaveassoonasithasstoppedraining.

8）当before引导时间状语从句时，主句的谓语动词既可用一般过去时，也可用过去完成时，句意相同。

ThetrainleftbeforeIreachedthestation.

ThetrainhadleftbeforeIreachedthestation.

9）在“Ithasbeen….since…”结构中，完成时可用一般时代替。

IthasbeenyearssinceIenjoyedmyselfsomuchaslastnight.

Itisyearssince….

Itis/hasbeentwoyearssincewesaweachotherlast

10）在以here,there开头的倒装句中，如果主语是名词，谓语动词采用一般时，等同于非倒装句中的进行时。

Thebusiscoming.

--There/Herecomesthebus.

HearrivedinGuangzhoulastweek.InthepreviousthreeweekshehadbeeninShanghai

Bythetimetheteachercameintotheroom,allthestudentshadbeensleeping

Bythetimehearrivestomorrow,wewillhavegonetothefarm

Inthelasttwoyears