TOFEL试题1998.docx
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TOFEL试题1998
TOFEL试题1998.8
98年8月托福阅读试题
Questions:
1-10
Aseventeenth-centurytheoryofburningproposedthatanythingthatburnsmustcontainmaterialthatthetheoristscalled"phlogiston."Burningwasexplainedasthereleaseofphlogistonfromthecombustiblematerialtotheair.Airwasthoughtessential,sinceithadtoprovideahomeforthereleasedphlogiston.Therewouldbealimittothephlogistontransfer,sinceagivenvolumeofaircouldabsorbonlysomuchphlogiston.Whentheairhadbecomesaturated,noadditionalamountsofphlogistoncouldleavethecombustiblesubstance,andtheburningwouldstop.Burningwouldalsostopwhenthecombustiblesubstancewasemptiedofallitsphlogiston.
Althoughthephlogistontheorywasself-consistent,itwasawkwardbecauseitrequiredthatimaginative,evenmysterious,propertiesbeascribedtophlogiston.Phlogistonwaselusive.Noonehadeverisolateditandexperimentallydetermineditsproperties.Attimesitseemedtoshowanegativeweight:
theresidueleftafterburningweighedmorethanthematerialbeforeburning.Thiswastrue,forexample,whenmagnesiumburned.Sometimesphlogistonseemedtoshowapositiveweight,when,forexample,woodburned,theashweighedlessthanthestartingmaterial.Andsincesolittleresiduewasleftwhenalcohol,kerosene,orhigh-gradecoalburned,theseobviouslydifferentmaterialswerethoughttobepureornearlypurephlogiston.
Intheeighteenthcentury,AntoineLavoisier,onthebasisofcarefulexperimentation,wasledtoproposeadifferenttheoryofburning,onethatrequiredaconstituentofair-latershowntobeoxygen-forcombustion.Sincetheweightoftheoxygenisalwaysadded,theweightoftheproductsofcombustion,includingtheevolvedgases,wouldalwaysbegreaterthantheweightofthestartingmaterial.
Lavoisier'sinterpretationwasmorereasonableandstraightforwardthanthatofthephlogistontheorists.Thephlogistontheory,alwaysclumsy,becamesuspect,eventuallyfellintoscientificdisrepute,andwasreplacedbynewideas.
1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(A)Thechemicalcompositionofphlogiston.
(B)Attemptstoexplainwhathappenswhenmaterialsburn.
(C)Limitationsofseventeenth-centuryscientifictheories.
(D)Thecharacteristicsoftheresidueleftafterfires.
2.Theword"it"inline4refersto
(A)burning(B)phlogiston(C)combustiblematerial(D)air
3.The"phlogistontransfer"mentionedinline5isatermusedtodescribethe
(A)naturallimitsonthetotalvolumeofphlogiston
(B)absenceofphlogistonincombustiblematerial
(C)abilityofphlogistontoslowcombustion
(D)releaseofphlogistonintotheairfromburningmaterial
4.Theword"properties"inline10isclosestinmeaningto
(A)interpretations(B)locations(C)characteristics(D)virtues
5.Thephrase"ascribedto"inline10isclosestinmeaningto
(A)analyzedandisolatedin
(B)returnedtotheiroriginalconditionin
(C)assumedtobetrueof
(D)diagrammedwith
6.Theauthormentionsmagnesiuminline14asanexampleofasubstancethat
(A)seemedtohavephlogistonwithanegativeweight
(B)leavesnoresidueafterburning
(C)wasthoughttobemadeofnearlypurephlogiston
(D)wasthoughttocontainnophlogiston
7.The"differentmaterials"mentionedinline17wereconsidereddifferentbecausethey
(A)requiredmoreheattoburnthanothersubstancesdid
(B)burnedwithoutleavingmuchresidue
(C)weremoremysteriousthanphlogiston
(D)containedlimitedamountsofphlogiston
8.Theword"constituent"inline19isclosestinmeaningto
(A)component(B)opposite(C)principle(D)temperature
9.Theword"Since"inline20isclosestinmeaningto
(A)later(B)because(C)during(D)although
10.WhichofthefollowingistrueofboththephlogistontheoryofburningandLavoisier'stheoryofburning?
(A)Boththeoriesproposethattotalweightalwaysincreasesduringburning.
(B)Boththeoriesareconsideredtobereasonableandstraightforward.
(C)Boththeorieshavedifficultyexplainingwhyresidueremainsafterburning.
(D)Boththeoriesrecognizethatairisimportanttocombustion.
Questions11-22
Ironproductionwasrevolutionizedintheearlyeighteenthcenturywhencokewasfirstusedinsteadofcharcoalforrefiningironore.Previouslythepoorqualityoftheironhadrestricteditsuseinarchitecturetoitemssuchaschainsandtiebarsforsupportingarches,vaults,andwalls.Withtheimprovementinrefiningore,itwasnowpossibletomakecast-ironbeams,columns,andgirders.Duringthenineteenthcenturyfurtheradvancesweremade,notablyBessemer'sprocessforconvertingironintosteel,Whichmadethematerialmorecommerciallyviable.
Ironwasrapidlyadoptedfortheconstructionofbridges,becauseitsstrengthwasfargreaterthanthatofstoneortimber,butitsuseinthearchitectureofbuildingsdevelopedmoreslowly.By1800acompleteinternalironskeletonforbuildingshadbeendevelopedinindustrialarchitecturereplacingtraditionaltimberbeams,butitgenerallyremainedconcealed.Apartfromitslowcost,theappealofironasabuildingmateriallayinitsstrength,itsresistancetofire,anditspotentialtospanvastareas.Asaresult,ironbecameincreasinglypopularasastructuralmaterialformoretraditionalstylesofarchitectureduringthenineteenthcentury,butitwasinvariablyconcealed.
Significantly,theuseofexposedironoccurredmainlyinthenewbuildingtypesspawnedbytheIndustrialRevolution:
infactories,warehouses,commercialoffices,exhibitionhalls,andrailroadstations,whereitspracticaladvantagesfaroutweigheditslackofstatus.Designersoftherailroadstationsofthenewageexploredthepotentialofiron,coveringhugeareaswithspansthatsurpassedthegreatvauitsofmedievalchurchesandcathedrals.Paxton'sCrystalPalace,designedtohousetheGreatExhibitionof1851,coveredanareaof1848feetby408feetinprefabricatedunitsofglasssetinironframes.TheParisExhibitionof1889includedboththewidestspanandthegreatestheightachievedsofarwiththeHalledoesMachines,spanning362feet,andtheEiffelTower1,000feethigh.However,theseachievementsweremockedbytheartisticeliteofParisasexpensiveanduglyfollies.Iron,despiteitsstructuraladvantages,hadlittleaestheticstatus.Theuseofanexposedironstructureinthemoretraditionalstylesofarchitecturewasslowertodevelop.
11.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(A)Advancesinironprocessingintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies
(B)TheeffectsoftheIndustrialRevolutionontraditionalarchitecturalstyles
(C)Advantagesofstoneandtimberoversteelasabuildingmaterial
(D)Theevolutionoftheuseofironinarchitectureduringthe1800's
12.Theword"revolutionized"inline1isclosestinmeaningto
(A)quicklystarted(B)graduallyopened
(C)dramaticallychanged(D)carefullyexamined
13.Accordingtothepassage,ironwasNOTusedforbeams,columns,andgirderspriortotheearlyeighteenthcenturybecause
(A)allavailableironwasneededforotherpurposes
(B)limitedminingcapabilitymadeirontooexpensive
(C)ironwasconsideredtoovaluableforuseinpublicbuildings
(D)theuseofcharcoalforrefiningareproducedpoorqualityiron
14.Ironreplacedstoneandtimberinthebuildingofbridgesbecauseironwasconsidered
(A)morebeautiful(B)newandmodern
(C)muchstronger(D)easiertotransport
15.Theword"it"inline11refersto
(A)industrialarchitecture(B)internalironskeleton
(C)stone(D)strength
16.Theword"appeal"inline12isclosestinmeaningto
(A)adjustment(B)assignment(C)attraction(D)attempt
17.Theword"spawned"inline17isclosestinmeaningto
(A)Created(B)maintained(C)rejected(D)exposed
18.Theword"surpassed"inline20isclosestinmeaningto
(A)imitated(B)exceeded(C)approached(D)included
19.Accordingtoparagraph3,thearchitecturalsignificanceoftheHalledesMachineswasits
(A)widespan(B)greatheight(C)unequaledbeauty(D)prefabricatedunitsofglass
20.HowdidtheartisticelitementionedinthepassagereacttothebuildingsattheParisExhibition?
(A)Theytriedtocopythem.(B)Theyridiculedthem.
(C)Theypraisedthem.(D)Theyrefusedtopaytoseethem.
21.Itcanbeinferredthatthedelayeduseofexposedironstructuresintraditionalstylesofarchitectureisbestexplainedbythe
(A)impracticalityofusingironforsmall,noncommercialbuildings
(B)associationofironarchitecturewiththeproblemsoftheIndustrialRevolution
(C)generalbeliefthatironofferedlessresistancetofireandharshweatherthantraditionalmaterials
(D)generalperceptionthatironstructureswerenotaestheticallypleasing
22.Theparagraphfollowingthepassagemostprobablydiscusses
(A)thegradualinclusionofexposedironintraditionalstylesofarchitecture
(B)furtherimprovementsinironprocessingmethods
(C)thereturntotraditionalbuildingmaterialsforuseincommercialstructures
(D)thedecreaseduseofstoneandtimberasabuildingmaterial
Questions23~32
Themosteasilyrecognizablemeteoritesaretheironvariety,althoughtheyonlyrepresentabout5percentofallmeteoritefalls.Theyarecomposedofironandnickelalongwithsulfur,carbon,andtracesofotherelements.TheircompositionisthoughttohesimilartothatofEarth'sironcore3andindeedtheymighthaveoncemadeupthecoreofalargeplanetoidthatdisintegratedlongago.Duetotheirdensestructure,ironmeteoriteshavethebestchanceofsurvivinganimpact,andmostarefoundbyfarmersplowingtheirfields.
OneofthebesthuntinggroundsformeteoritesisontheglaciersofAntarctica1wherethedarkstonesstandout