TOFEL试题1998.docx

TOFEL试题1998.docx

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TOFEL试题1998

TOFEL试题1998.8

98年8月托福阅读试题

Questions:

1-10

Aseventeenth-centurytheoryofburningproposedthatanythingthatburnsmustcontainmaterialthatthetheoristscalled"phlogiston."Burningwasexplainedasthereleaseofphlogistonfromthecombustiblematerialtotheair.Airwasthoughtessential,sinceithadtoprovideahomeforthereleasedphlogiston.Therewouldbealimittothephlogistontransfer,sinceagivenvolumeofaircouldabsorbonlysomuchphlogiston.Whentheairhadbecomesaturated,noadditionalamountsofphlogistoncouldleavethecombustiblesubstance,andtheburningwouldstop.Burningwouldalsostopwhenthecombustiblesubstancewasemptiedofallitsphlogiston.

Althoughthephlogistontheorywasself-consistent,itwasawkwardbecauseitrequiredthatimaginative,evenmysterious,propertiesbeascribedtophlogiston.Phlogistonwaselusive.Noonehadeverisolateditandexperimentallydetermineditsproperties.Attimesitseemedtoshowanegativeweight:

theresidueleftafterburningweighedmorethanthematerialbeforeburning.Thiswastrue,forexample,whenmagnesiumburned.Sometimesphlogistonseemedtoshowapositiveweight,when,forexample,woodburned,theashweighedlessthanthestartingmaterial.Andsincesolittleresiduewasleftwhenalcohol,kerosene,orhigh-gradecoalburned,theseobviouslydifferentmaterialswerethoughttobepureornearlypurephlogiston.

Intheeighteenthcentury,AntoineLavoisier,onthebasisofcarefulexperimentation,wasledtoproposeadifferenttheoryofburning,onethatrequiredaconstituentofair-latershowntobeoxygen-forcombustion.Sincetheweightoftheoxygenisalwaysadded,theweightoftheproductsofcombustion,includingtheevolvedgases,wouldalwaysbegreaterthantheweightofthestartingmaterial.

Lavoisier'sinterpretationwasmorereasonableandstraightforwardthanthatofthephlogistontheorists.Thephlogistontheory,alwaysclumsy,becamesuspect,eventuallyfellintoscientificdisrepute,andwasreplacedbynewideas.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

（A）Thechemicalcompositionofphlogiston.

（B）Attemptstoexplainwhathappenswhenmaterialsburn.

（C）Limitationsofseventeenth-centuryscientifictheories.

（D）Thecharacteristicsoftheresidueleftafterfires.

2.Theword"it"inline4refersto

（A）burning（B）phlogiston（C）combustiblematerial（D）air

3.The"phlogistontransfer"mentionedinline5isatermusedtodescribethe

（A）naturallimitsonthetotalvolumeofphlogiston

（B）absenceofphlogistonincombustiblematerial

（C）abilityofphlogistontoslowcombustion

（D）releaseofphlogistonintotheairfromburningmaterial

4.Theword"properties"inline10isclosestinmeaningto

（A）interpretations（B）locations（C）characteristics（D）virtues

5.Thephrase"ascribedto"inline10isclosestinmeaningto

（A）analyzedandisolatedin

（B）returnedtotheiroriginalconditionin

（C）assumedtobetrueof

（D）diagrammedwith

6.Theauthormentionsmagnesiuminline14asanexampleofasubstancethat

（A）seemedtohavephlogistonwithanegativeweight

（B）leavesnoresidueafterburning

（C）wasthoughttobemadeofnearlypurephlogiston

（D）wasthoughttocontainnophlogiston

7.The"differentmaterials"mentionedinline17wereconsidereddifferentbecausethey

（A）requiredmoreheattoburnthanothersubstancesdid

（B）burnedwithoutleavingmuchresidue

（C）weremoremysteriousthanphlogiston

（D）containedlimitedamountsofphlogiston

8.Theword"constituent"inline19isclosestinmeaningto

（A）component（B）opposite（C）principle（D）temperature

9.Theword"Since"inline20isclosestinmeaningto

（A）later（B）because（C）during（D）although

10.WhichofthefollowingistrueofboththephlogistontheoryofburningandLavoisier'stheoryofburning?

（A）Boththeoriesproposethattotalweightalwaysincreasesduringburning.

（B）Boththeoriesareconsideredtobereasonableandstraightforward.

（C）Boththeorieshavedifficultyexplainingwhyresidueremainsafterburning.

（D）Boththeoriesrecognizethatairisimportanttocombustion.

Questions11-22

Ironproductionwasrevolutionizedintheearlyeighteenthcenturywhencokewasfirstusedinsteadofcharcoalforrefiningironore.Previouslythepoorqualityoftheironhadrestricteditsuseinarchitecturetoitemssuchaschainsandtiebarsforsupportingarches,vaults,andwalls.Withtheimprovementinrefiningore,itwasnowpossibletomakecast-ironbeams,columns,andgirders.Duringthenineteenthcenturyfurtheradvancesweremade,notablyBessemer'sprocessforconvertingironintosteel,Whichmadethematerialmorecommerciallyviable.

Ironwasrapidlyadoptedfortheconstructionofbridges,becauseitsstrengthwasfargreaterthanthatofstoneortimber,butitsuseinthearchitectureofbuildingsdevelopedmoreslowly.By1800acompleteinternalironskeletonforbuildingshadbeendevelopedinindustrialarchitecturereplacingtraditionaltimberbeams,butitgenerallyremainedconcealed.Apartfromitslowcost,theappealofironasabuildingmateriallayinitsstrength,itsresistancetofire,anditspotentialtospanvastareas.Asaresult,ironbecameincreasinglypopularasastructuralmaterialformoretraditionalstylesofarchitectureduringthenineteenthcentury,butitwasinvariablyconcealed.

Significantly,theuseofexposedironoccurredmainlyinthenewbuildingtypesspawnedbytheIndustrialRevolution:

infactories,warehouses,commercialoffices,exhibitionhalls,andrailroadstations,whereitspracticaladvantagesfaroutweigheditslackofstatus.Designersoftherailroadstationsofthenewageexploredthepotentialofiron,coveringhugeareaswithspansthatsurpassedthegreatvauitsofmedievalchurchesandcathedrals.Paxton'sCrystalPalace,designedtohousetheGreatExhibitionof1851,coveredanareaof1848feetby408feetinprefabricatedunitsofglasssetinironframes.TheParisExhibitionof1889includedboththewidestspanandthegreatestheightachievedsofarwiththeHalledoesMachines,spanning362feet,andtheEiffelTower1,000feethigh.However,theseachievementsweremockedbytheartisticeliteofParisasexpensiveanduglyfollies.Iron,despiteitsstructuraladvantages,hadlittleaestheticstatus.Theuseofanexposedironstructureinthemoretraditionalstylesofarchitecturewasslowertodevelop.

11.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

（A）Advancesinironprocessingintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies

（B）TheeffectsoftheIndustrialRevolutionontraditionalarchitecturalstyles

（C）Advantagesofstoneandtimberoversteelasabuildingmaterial

（D）Theevolutionoftheuseofironinarchitectureduringthe1800's

12.Theword"revolutionized"inline1isclosestinmeaningto

（A）quicklystarted（B）graduallyopened

（C）dramaticallychanged（D）carefullyexamined

13.Accordingtothepassage,ironwasNOTusedforbeams,columns,andgirderspriortotheearlyeighteenthcenturybecause

（A）allavailableironwasneededforotherpurposes

（B）limitedminingcapabilitymadeirontooexpensive

（C）ironwasconsideredtoovaluableforuseinpublicbuildings

（D）theuseofcharcoalforrefiningareproducedpoorqualityiron

14.Ironreplacedstoneandtimberinthebuildingofbridgesbecauseironwasconsidered

（A）morebeautiful（B）newandmodern

（C）muchstronger（D）easiertotransport

15.Theword"it"inline11refersto

（A）industrialarchitecture（B）internalironskeleton

（C）stone（D）strength

16.Theword"appeal"inline12isclosestinmeaningto

（A）adjustment（B）assignment（C）attraction（D）attempt

17.Theword"spawned"inline17isclosestinmeaningto

（A）Created（B）maintained（C）rejected（D）exposed

18.Theword"surpassed"inline20isclosestinmeaningto

（A）imitated（B）exceeded（C）approached（D）included

19.Accordingtoparagraph3,thearchitecturalsignificanceoftheHalledesMachineswasits

（A）widespan（B）greatheight（C）unequaledbeauty（D）prefabricatedunitsofglass

20.HowdidtheartisticelitementionedinthepassagereacttothebuildingsattheParisExhibition?

（A）Theytriedtocopythem.（B）Theyridiculedthem.

（C）Theypraisedthem.（D）Theyrefusedtopaytoseethem.

21.Itcanbeinferredthatthedelayeduseofexposedironstructuresintraditionalstylesofarchitectureisbestexplainedbythe

（A）impracticalityofusingironforsmall,noncommercialbuildings

（B）associationofironarchitecturewiththeproblemsoftheIndustrialRevolution

（C）generalbeliefthatironofferedlessresistancetofireandharshweatherthantraditionalmaterials

（D）generalperceptionthatironstructureswerenotaestheticallypleasing

22.Theparagraphfollowingthepassagemostprobablydiscusses

（A）thegradualinclusionofexposedironintraditionalstylesofarchitecture

（B）furtherimprovementsinironprocessingmethods

（C）thereturntotraditionalbuildingmaterialsforuseincommercialstructures

（D）thedecreaseduseofstoneandtimberasabuildingmaterial

Questions23~32

Themosteasilyrecognizablemeteoritesaretheironvariety,althoughtheyonlyrepresentabout5percentofallmeteoritefalls.Theyarecomposedofironandnickelalongwithsulfur,carbon,andtracesofotherelements.TheircompositionisthoughttohesimilartothatofEarth'sironcore3andindeedtheymighthaveoncemadeupthecoreofalargeplanetoidthatdisintegratedlongago.Duetotheirdensestructure,ironmeteoriteshavethebestchanceofsurvivinganimpact,andmostarefoundbyfarmersplowingtheirfields.

OneofthebesthuntinggroundsformeteoritesisontheglaciersofAntarctica1wherethedarkstonesstandout