TOFEL试题1998.docx

1、TOFEL试题1998TOFEL试题1998.898年8月托福阅读试题Questions: 1-10A seventeenth-century theory of burning proposed that anything that burns must contain material that the theorists called phlogiston. Burning was explained as the release of phlogiston from the combustible material to the air. Air was thought essenti

2、al, since it had to provide a home for the released phlogiston. There would be a limit to the phlogiston transfer, since a given volume of air could absorb only so much phlogiston. When the air had become saturated, no additional amounts of phlogiston could leave the combustible substance, and the b

3、urning would stop. Burning would also stop when the combustible substance was emptied of all its phlogiston.Although the phlogiston theory was self-consistent, it was awkward because it required that imaginative, even mysterious, properties be ascribed to phlogiston. Phlogiston was elusive. No one h

4、ad ever isolated it and experimentally determined its properties. At times it seemed to show a negative weight: the residue left after burning weighed more than the material before burning. This was true, for example, when magnesium burned. Sometimes phlogiston seemed to show a positive weight, when

5、, for example, wood burned, the ash weighed less than the starting material. And since so little residue was left when alcohol, kerosene, or high-grade coal burned, these obviously different materials were thought to be pure or nearly pure phlogiston.In the eighteenth century, Antoine Lavoisier, on

6、the basis of careful experimentation, was led to propose a different theory of burning, one that required a constituent of air- later shown to be oxygen- for combustion. Since the weight of the oxygen is always added, the weight of the products of combustion, including the evolved gases, would alway

7、s be greater than the weight of the starting material.Lavoisiers interpretation was more reasonable and straightforward than that of the phlogiston theorists. The phlogiston theory, always clumsy, became suspect, eventually fell into scientific disrepute, and was replaced by new ideas.1. What does t

8、he passage mainly discuss?(A) The chemical composition of phlogiston.(B) Attempts to explain what happens when materials burn.(C) Limitations of seventeenth-century scientific theories.(D) The characteristics of the residue left after fires.2. The word it in line 4 refers to(A) burning(B) phlogiston

9、(C) combustible material(D) air3. The phlogiston transfer mentioned in line 5 is a term used to describe the(A) natural limits on the total volume of phlogiston(B) absence of phlogiston in combustible material(C) ability of phlogiston to slow combustion(D) release of phlogiston into the air from bur

10、ning material4. The word properties in line 10 is closest in meaning to(A) interpretations(B) locations(C) characteristics(D) virtues5. The phrase ascribed to in line 10 is closest in meaning to(A) analyzed and isolated in(B) returned to their original condition in(C) assumed to be true of(D) diagra

11、mmed with6. The author mentions magnesium in line 14 as an example of a substance that(A) seemed to have phlogiston with a negative weight(B) leaves no residue after burning(C) was thought to be made of nearly pure phlogiston(D)was thought to contain no phlogiston7.The different materials mentioned

12、in line 17 were considered different because they(A) required more heat to burn than other substances did(B) burned without leaving much residue(C) were more mysterious than phlogiston(D) contained limited amounts of phlogiston8. The word constituent in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) component(

13、B) opposite(C) principle(D) temperature9. The word Since in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) later(B) because(C) during(D) although10. Which of the following is true of both the phlogiston theory of burning and Lavoisiers theory of burning?(A) Both theories propose that total weight always increa

14、ses during burning.(B) Both theories are considered to be reasonable and straightforward.(C) Both theories have difficulty explaining why residue remains after burning.(D)Both theories recognize that air is important to combustion.Questions 11-22Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighte

15、enth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal for refining iron ore. Previously the poor quality of the iron had restricted its use in architecture to items such as chains and tie bars for supporting arches, vaults, and walls. With the improvement in refining ore, it was now possible to

16、make cast-iron beams, columns, and girders. During the nineteenth century further advances were made, notably Bessemers process for converting iron into steel, Which made the material more commercially viable.Iron was rapidly adopted for the construction of bridges, because its strength was far grea

17、ter than that of stone or timber, but its use in the architecture of buildings developed more slowly. By 1800 a complete internal iron skeleton for buildings had been developed in industrial architecture replacing traditional timber beams, but it generally remained concealed. Apart from its low cost

18、, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. As a result, iron became increasingly popular as a structural material for more traditional styles of architecture during the nineteenth century, but it was invariably conce

19、aled.Significantly, the use of exposed iron occurred mainly in the new building types spawned by the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition halls, and railroad stations, where its practical advantages far outweighed its lack of status. Designers of the railro

20、ad stations of the new age explored the potential of iron, covering huge areas with spans that surpassed the great vauits of medieval churches and cathedrals. Paxtons Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1848 feet by 408 feet in prefabricated units of gl

21、ass set in iron frames. The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far with the Halle does Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artistic elite of Paris as expensive and ug

22、ly follies. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic status. The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.11.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Advances in iron processing in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuri

23、es(B) The effects of t he Industrial Revolution on traditional architectural styles(C) Advantages of stone and timber over steel as a building material(D) The evolution of the use of iron in architecture during the 1800s12.The word revolutionized in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) quickly started

24、 (B) gradually opened(C) dramatically changed (D) carefully examined13.According to the passage, iron was NOT used for beams, columns, and girders prior to the early eighteenth century because(A) all available iron was needed for other purposes(B) limited mining capability made iron too expensive(C)

25、 iron was considered too valuable for use in public buildings(D) the use of charcoal for refining are produced poor quality iron14. Iron replaced stone and timber in the building of bridges because iron was considered(A) more beautiful (B) new and modern(C) much stronger (D) easier to transport15. T

26、he word it in line 11 refers to(A) industrial architecture (B) internal iron skeleton(C) stone (D) strength16. The word appeal in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) adjustment (B) assignment (C) attraction (D) attempt17. The word spawned in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A)Created (B)maintained (

27、C)rejected (D)exposed18. The word surpassed in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A)imitated (B) exceeded (C)approached (D)included19. According to paragraph 3, the architectural significance of the Halle des Machines was its(A)wide span (B)great height (C)unequaled beauty (D)prefabricated units of gl

28、ass20. How did the artistic elite mentioned in the passage react to the buildings at the Paris Exhibition?(A) They tried to copy them. (B) They ridiculed them.(C) They praised them. (D) They refused to pay to see them.21. It can be inferred that the delayed use of exposed iron structures in traditio

29、nal styles of architecture is best explained by the(A) impracticality of using iron for small, noncommercial buildings(B) association of iron architecture with the problems of the Industrial Revolution(C) general belief that iron offered less resistance to fire and harsh weather than traditional mat

30、erials(D) general perception that iron structures were not aesthetically pleasing22. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses(A) the gradual inclusion of exposed iron in traditional styles of architecture(B) further improvements in iron processing methods(C) the return to traditio

31、nal building materials for use in commercial structures(D) the decreased use of stone and timber as a building materialQuestions 2332The most easily recognizable meteorites are the iron variety, although they only represent about 5 percent of all meteorite falls. They are composed of iron and nickel

32、 along with sulfur, carbon, and traces of other elements. Their composition is thought to he similar to that of Earths iron core3 and indeed they might have once made up the core of a large planetoid that disintegrated long ago. Due to their dense structure, iron meteorites have the best chance of surviving an impact, and most are found by farmers plowing their fields.One of the best hunting grounds for meteorites is on the glaciers of Antarctica1 where the dark stones stand out