经济学词典C.docx

经济学词典C.docx

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经济学词典C

Economictermsandconcepts

|A|B|C|D|E|F|G|H|I|J|K|L|M|N|O|P|Q|R|S|T|U|V|W|X|Y|Z

EntriesintheGLOSS*aramastartingwiththeletterC:

∙C

∙Ccorporation

∙capacityutilizationrate

∙capital

∙capitalaccount

∙capitalaccountdeficit

∙capitalaccountsurplus

∙capitalconsumptionadjustment

∙capitalconsumptionallowance

∙capitalgainstax

∙capitalgood

∙capitalinvestment

∙capitalmarket

∙capitalism

∙capturetheoryofregulation

∙cardinal

∙cardinalutility

∙cartel

∙cash

∙causeandeffect

∙caveatemptor

∙caveatvenditor

∙CBO

∙CD

∙centralbank

∙centralplanning

∙certificateofdeposit

∙ceterisparibus

∙chaebol

∙ChairmanoftheBoardofGovernors

∙changeinaggregatedemand

∙changeinaggregateexpenditures

∙changeinaggregatesupply

∙changeinbusinessinventories

∙changeindemand

∙changeininventories

∙changeinquantitydemanded

∙changeinquantitysupplied

∙changeinrealproduction

∙changeinsupply

∙checkabledeposit

∙checkabledeposits

∙CIO

∙circularflow

∙civilianlaborforce

∙classicalaggregatesupplycurve

∙classicaleconomics

∙classicalrange

∙ClaytonAct

∙closedeconomy

∙closedshop

∙Coasetheorem

∙coefficientofelasticity

∙coincidenteconomicindicator

∙coin

∙collectivebargaining

∙collusion

∙collusionandefficiency

∙commandandcontrol

∙commandeconomy

∙commercialpaper

∙commodityexchange

∙commoditymoney

∙commonmarket

∙common-propertygood

∙commonstock

∙CommonwealthversusHunt

∙communism

∙companytown

∙comparableworth

∙comparativeadvantage

∙comparativestatics

∙compensatingwages

∙compensationofemployees

∙competition

∙competitionalongaline

∙competitionamongthefew

∙competitionamongthemany

∙competitivemarket

∙complement

∙complement-in-consumption

∙complement-in-production

∙complexexpendituremultiplier

∙ComptrolleroftheCurrency

∙compoundinterest

∙concave

∙concentrationratio

∙conciliation

∙confidenceindex

∙conglomeratemerger

∙CongressofIndustrialOrganizations

∙CongressionalBudgetOffice

∙conservative

∙constant-costindustry

∙constantGDP

∙constantgrossdomesticproduct

∙constantreturnstoscale

∙constrainedutilitymaximization

∙consumer

∙consumerbehavior

∙consumerconfidence

∙consumerdemandtheory

∙consumerequilibrium

∙ConsumerPriceIndex

∙ConsumerPriceIndexforAllUrbanConsumers

∙ConsumerPriceIndexforUrbanWageEarnersandClericalWorkers

∙ConsumerProductSafetyCommission

∙consumersovereignty

∙consumers

∙consumers'surplus

∙consumption

∙consumptiondeterminant

∙consumptionexpenditure

∙consumptionexpenditures

∙consumptionfunction

∙consumptiongood

∙consumption-incomerelation

∙consumptionline

∙consumptionschedule

∙consumptiontax

∙contraction

∙contractionaryfiscalpolicy

∙contractionarygap

∙contractionarymonetarypolicy

∙contractionarypolicy

∙contributivestandard

∙convex

∙coreinflationrate

∙corporatebond

∙corporateincometax

∙corporateprofits

∙corporateprofitsdistribution

∙corporateprofitstax

∙corporatestock

∙corporation

∙correlated

∙correlation

∙cost

∙costminimization

∙costofliving

∙cost-pushinflation

∙CouncilofEconomicAdvisors

∙couponrate

∙CPI

∙CPI-U

∙CPI-W

∙craftunion

∙creativedestruction

∙credit

∙creditcard

∙creditcrunch

∙creditunion

∙creditornation

∙crosselasticityofdemand

∙cross-priceelasticityofdemand

∙crowdingout

∙currency

∙currentaccount

∙currentaccountdeficit

∙currentaccountsurplus

∙currentGDP

∙currentgrossdomesticproduct

∙CurrentPopulationSurvey

∙currentproduction

∙currentsurplusofgovernmententerprises

∙currentyield

∙curve

∙customsunion

∙cyclicalunemployment

TheGLOSS*aramahas169entriesfortheletterC.

 C:

Thestandardabbreviationforconsumptionexpendituresbythehouseholdsector,especiallywhenusedinthestudyofmacroeconomics.Thisabbreviationismostoftenseenintheconsumptionfunction,specifiedasC=a+bY,whereYstandsfornationalincome.Itisalsousedfortheaggregateexpenditureequation,AE=C+I+G+（X-M）,whereI,G,and（X-M）representexpendituresbytheotherthreemacroeconomicsectors,business,government,andforeign.

       Seealso|consumption|consumptionexpenditure|householdsector|nationalincome|personalconsumptionexpenditures|aggregateexpenditures|investmentexpenditures|governmentpurchases|netexports|I|G|X|M|

 CCORPORATION:

ThetermusedforastandardcorporationtodistinguishitfromthenewScorporation.Assuch,itisestablishedasaseparatelegalentity,sellsownershipshares,andownershavelimitedliability.ThedifferenceisthataCcorporationissubjecttodoubletaxationbutanScorporationisnot.

       Seealso|corporation|Scorporation|business|firm|proprietorship|partnership|legaltypes|doubletaxation|limitedpartnership|limitedliabilitycompany|

 CAPACITYUTILIZATIONRATE:

Theratioofactualproductionbybusinesssectorfactoriesandotherproductiveestablishmentsintheeconomytothepotentialproductionoftheseestablishments.Thisrateindicatesifoureconomy'sfactoriesarebeingusedaseffectivelyandasfullyaspossible.Liketheunemploymentrate,thecapacityutilizationratemeasureshowcloseoureconomyistofullemployment.Andlikeunemployment,thisratemovesupanddownoverthecourseofabusinesscycle.Duringexpansions,therateisnear85percent（consideredfullemployment）,andduringcontractions,ittendstobeinthe70percentrange.Inadditiontoanoverallrate,therearealsoseparateratesformanufacturing,mining,andutilityindustries.

       Seealso|production|businesssector|economy|employment|unemployment|unemploymentrate|fullemployment|expansion|contraction|factory|

CAPITAL:

Oneofthefourbasiccategoriesofresources,orfactorsofproduction.Itincludesthemanufactured（orpreviouslyproduced）resourcesusedtomanufactureorproduceotherthings.Commonexamplesofcapitalarethefactories,buildings,trucks,tools,machinery,andequipmentusedbybusinessesintheirproductivepursuits.Capital'sprimaryroleintheeconomyistoimprovetheproductivityoflaborasittransformsthenaturalresourcesoflandintowants-and-needs-satisfyinggoods.

       Seealso|resources|factorsofproduction|labor|land|entrepreneurship|business|production|naturalresources|satisfaction|scarcity|limitedresources|factory|investment|

 CAPITALACCOUNT:

Oneoftwopartsofanation'sbalanceofpayments.Thecapitalisarecordofallpurchasesofphysicalandfinancialassetsbetweenanationandtherestoftheworldinagivenperiod,usuallyoneyear.Ononesideofthebalanceofpaymentsledgeraccountarealloftheforeignassetspurchasebyourdomesticeconomy.Ontheothersideoftheledgerareallofourdomesticassetspurchasedbyforeigncountries.Thecapitalaccountissaidtohaveasurplusifanation'sinvestmentsabroadaregreaterthanforeigninvestmentsathome.Inotherwords,ifthegoodoldU.S.ofA.isbuyingupmoreassetsinMexico,Brazil,andHungry,thanJapanese,Germany,andCanadainvestorsarebuyingupofgoodoldU.S.assets,thenwehaveasurplus.Adeficitisthereverse.

       Seealso|balanceofpayments|asset|foreign|domestic|capitalaccountsurplus|capitalaccountdeficit|currentaccount|

 CAPITALACCOUNTDEFICIT:

Animbalanceinanation'sbalanceofpaymentscapitalaccountinwhichpaymentsmadebythecountryforpurchasingforeignassetsexceedpaymentsreceivedbythecountryforsellingdomesticassets.Inotherwords,investmentbythedomesticeconomyinforeignassetsislessthanforeigninvestmentindomesticassets.Thisisgenerallynotadesireablesituationforadomesticeconomy.However,inthewackyworldofinternationaleconomics,acapitalaccountdeficitisoftenbalancedbyacurrentaccountsurplus,whichisgenerallyconsideredadesireablesituation.If,however,thecurrentaccountdoesnotbalanceoutthecapitalaccount,thenacapitalaccountdeficitcontributestoabalanceofpaymentsdeficit.

       Seealso|capitalaccount|balanceofpayments|balanceofpaymentsdeficit|capitalaccountsurplus|currentaccount|currentaccountsurplus|domestic|foreign|internationaleconomics|internationalfinance|foreignexchange|

CAPITALACCOUNTSURPLUS:

Animbalanceinanation'sbalanceofpaymentscapitalaccountinwhichpaymentsreceivedbythecountryforsellingdomesticassetsexceedpaymentsmadebythecountryforpurchasingforeignassets.Inotherwords,investmentbythedomesticeconomyinforeignassetsisgreaterthanforeigninvestmentindomesticassets.Thisisgenerallyadesireablesituationforadomesticeconomy.However,inthewackyworldofinternationaleconomics,acapitalaccountsurplusisoftenbalancedbyacurrentaccountdeficit,whichisnotgenerallyconsideredadesireablesituation.If,however,thecurrentaccountdoesnotbalanceoutthecapitalaccount,thenacapitalaccountsurpluscontributestoabalanceofpaymentssurplus.

       Seealso|capitalaccount|balanceofpayments|balanceofpaymentssurplus|capitalaccountdeficit|currentaccount|currentaccountdeficit|domestic|foreign|internationaleconomics|internationalfinance|foreignexchange|

 CAPITALCONSUMPTIONADJUSTMENT:

The