discrimination against blacks in 21st century分析二十一世纪美国对黑人的种族歧视大学论文.docx

discrimination against blacks in 21st century分析二十一世纪美国对黑人的种族歧视大学论文.docx

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discriminationagainstblacksin21stcentury分析二十一世纪美国对黑人的种族歧视大学论文

铜仁学院

本科生毕业论文

题目AnalysisoftheAmericanRacial

Discriminationagainst

BlacksonContemporary

分析二十一世纪美国对黑人的种族歧视

系别外国语言文学系

专业英语

姓名

指导教师

截稿日期2012年5月

Contents

Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………..ⅰ

Abstract…………….……………………………………….......................................ⅱ

I.Introduction…...…………………………………………………………….………………1

II.TheFormsandReasonsofRacialDiscriminationagainstBlackPeople……………2

2.1TheFormsofRacialDiscriminationagainstBlackPeople………………….…2

2.1.1TheFieldofEducation……………………………………………….……………2

2.1.2LaborMarket…………………………………………………………….…………3

2.1.3CriminalJusticeSystem…………………………………………………………4

2.2TheReasonsofRacialDiscriminationagainstBlackPeople.....………………….4

2.2.1PoliticalReason…………………………………………………………….………4

2.2.2CulturalReason…………………………………………………………….………5

2.2.3EconomicalReason…………………………………………………………………5

2.2.4ReasonsonBlackPeopleThemselves…………………………………………6

III.TheWayofBlacksandGovernment’sFightagainstRacialDiscrimination…….…6

3.1FamousBlackLeadersagainstRacialDiscrimination…………………………6

3.2TheWayofBlacksandGovernment’sFightagainstRacialDiscrimination…7

3.3InternationalOrganizationsFightagainstRacialDiscrimination………………9

IV.Conclusion……………………………………………………………...…………………10

References………………………………………………………….………….……………11

Acknowledgements

Imustshowmysincerethankstothosewhoofferedmealargenumberofhelpduringthecourseofmyresearch.

First,ImustshowmythankstomysupervisorMr.Tangwhoseencouragement,enthusiasticinstruction,valuableadvicehaveahugeinfluenceonmyresearch,whichhavegreatlycontributedtothecompletionofmythesis.

Second,IamalsogratefultothoseChineseandforeigntranslators.Withthehelpofthem,Igotplentyofabundantandusefulreferentialmaterials,withoutthemIcouldn’tcompletemyresearchsmoothly.

Finally,Ialsogivemythankstomydearteachersandclassmateswhoseencouragementsgreatlysupportmeleadtosuccess.Thanksalotagain.

AnalysisoftheAmericanRacialDiscrimination

againstBlacksonContemporary

Abstract:

RacialdiscriminationinAmericacandatebacktoEuropeanslavetradeperiod.ItisadeepsocialproblemintheUnitedStatesbecauseblacksandotherminorethnicgroupsarelivinginthebottomoftheAmericansociety.

RacialdiscriminationisaveryserioussocialprobleminAmericanandstillexistsnowadays.Therearemanyreasonscausehumanhistoricalracialdiscrimination.Cultural、historicalandpoliticalfactorsarethesourcesofAmericanblackracialdiscrimination.However,blackstohavetherightswithwhitestherearemanypeopleinAmericaalwaysarebusywithfightingagainstracialdiscrimination.

Keywords:

Americanracialdiscriminationagainst

摘要:

美国种族歧视可以追溯到欧洲奴隶贸易时期。

种族歧视是一个深深植根于美国的社会弊病，因为在美国，黑人和其他少数民族处于美国社会的最底层。

种族歧视是美国国内的一个尖锐的一直存在的社会问题。

文化，历史以及政治等都是种族歧视产生的原因。

但是，黑人为了获得同白人一样的权利，很多的人一直在反抗种族歧视。

结果在一定程度上获得了同白人一样的权利,但是是一个艰难的过程。

关键词:

美国种族歧视反抗

Ⅰ.Introduction

Nowadays,wecanstillfeeltheexistenceofracialdiscrimination.Asweallknow,MichaelJacksonmightbetheworld’smostfamoussingerwhowasborninanAfrican-Americanfamilywithinbornskinblack.Nobodyknowswhyhechangedhisskincolorfromblacktowhite.

RacialdiscriminationalwaystroubledtheUnitedStatessinceAmericawasbuilt,African-American,Latinos,Asian-Americanandotherminoritygroupshavebeendiscriminatedinmanyfields.RacialdiscriminationisacommontopicandafterMartinLutherKing’sfamousspeech---Ihaveadreamwhichwasheardbythroughouttheworld,theanti-discriminationcampaignisnotonlythebusinessofblackpeopleinAmerica,butbecomestheallworld’ssoundsofheart.Butit‘snotenough.Ifwetakeafurtherstepandlookatitdeeper,wewillfindthatweinthepositionwheremanyproblemsarewaitingandtheworldisfarfrombeingtheidealisticworldwearewhatwewant.

Theblackexistasaminorrace,buttheircontributiontoAmerica’sdevelopmentcannotbeignored.Theyareminorrace;howevertheirpopulationcountsfor12.2%ofthewholepopulationofAmerica（Robey1987.1.31）.Fromtheangleofpopulation,wecanknowthattheblackhavedonemanyjobsintheAmericanlabormarket.Besides,theyplayaverysignificantroleinthedevelopmentoftheAmericaneconomyandintheurbanization.BecausetheCivilWarmanyoftheblackimmigratedtothecitiesintheNorthandtheWestofAmerica.In1960,Washingtonwastheonlycityinwhichtheblacks’populationtookuphalfofthewholepopulation.Butin1980,thenumberofthiskindofcityhadincreasedto9.Thesocialphenomenonwascalledas“BlackUrbanization”.Itacceleratedtheprocessofthemeltingoftheblackandthewhite.

Fortheracialdiscriminationisthebusinessofallovertheworld,itisnecessarytostudytheoriginoftheracialdiscrimination.Asanationofimmigrant,theUnitedStateshasapopulationwhichconsistsofmanydifferentracialandethicgroups.Oneoftheseethicsistheblack.Theblacklivedapeacefulandhappylifetillthefirstintruderbegantheirdirtyandbloodyhuman-tradingbusiness.Sincethe17thcentury,theblackwereshippedtoAmericaandthenumberoftheblackwasupto400thousand（Sowell1993:

187）.Afterthat,thetragediesfellontheblackpeopleoneafteranother.ThesocialstatusofblackpeoplehadbeenimprovedaftertheCivilWar;howevertheystillhadtofaceunfairtreatmentsfromthewholesociety.Althoughtheblackgottheirfreedomandbecameapartofthesocietytosomeextent,theyfeltthattheyweretreateddifferently.Howtosolvetheproblemistowhichnobodycanfindapromptsolution.

Ⅱ.TheFormsandReasonsofRacialDiscriminationagainstBlacks

Wecanseethatracialdiscriminationisnotasstrongas50yearsagobecausemanypeoplefightagainstracialdiscrimination.Blackpeoplenowtakeonsomeveryrespectfuljobs,suchaslawyers,TVprogramdesigners,anddoctors,theygetrespectfromothersinsomedegree.But,ifweseeitmuchdeeper,wewillfindthatracialdiscriminationisstillverycommononcontemporarysociety,onlyittakessubtleforms.

2.1TheFormsofRacialDiscriminationagainstBlacks

Livinginthe21stcentury,wecanstillfeeltheexistenceofracialdiscrimination.Racialdiscriminationagainstblacksmainlyincludesthreeparts.Theyareasfollows.

2.1.1TheFieldofEducation

Whentalkingabouttheculturalfield,theaspectofeducationcannotbeneglected,especiallyforchildrenoftheblack.In1930,only58.5%blackpeoplecouldenterschools,butin1980s,theblackchildrencouldhavethesamechancetoenterschools（GilbertandKarl1992:

92）.In1965,theMiddleSchoolEducationActacceleratedthestepofeliminatingthesystemofracialsegregation.Moreandmoreblackchildrencouldenterthesameschoolasthewhitechildren（Franklin1988:

567）.Previousstudieshavesuggestedthatinresponsetooccupationalandeducationaldiscriminationbasedontherace,manyAfricanAmericanstudentshavementallywithdrawnfromtheschoolingprocess,asindicatedbylowlevelsofachievementandhighlevelsofschooldropout.Before1954,thestatesintheSouthhadlegislationwhichindicatedthattheblackchildrenwereforbiddentoentertheschoolwherethewhitechildrenwereeducated.In1960,therewere589schoolsinNewYork,butonly95schoolswhereblackchildrenwerepermittedtoreceivetheireducation.Theblackchildrengrowupintheenvironmentofbeingtreatedlikeanothercreaturefromanotherplanet.

“Inrecentyearstherehasbeenaresurgenceofracialconflictatpredominantlywhiteinstitutionsofhighereducation.IncidentsofharassmentandviolenceattheUniversityofMichigan,theUniversityofMassachusetts,andothercampuseshavehighlightedtheconstitutingracialdivisionsamongmajorityandminoritystudents.Theseincidentshaveemergedduringaperiodwhenthesociety,ingeneral,hasexpressedconcernaboutthedecliningenrollmentofracialminorities—particularlyblacksinhighereducation.”（TheUrbanReview1988:

Vol.20,No.3）

2.1.2LaborMarket

ThehighrateofunemploymentoftheblackappearedaftertheSecondWorldWar.In1946,theJobManagementCommunitydeclaredthattherewasnoworkforblacks.Theneachfactorycutdownthenumberofblackworkers.OwingtotheSecondWorldWar,therateofunemploymentoftheblackwastwiceofwhites.From1952to1954,therateofunemploymentoftheblacksincreasedfrom5.4%to9.9%（Herbert1965:

367）.Equalityinemploymentandsalarydidnotexist.In1954,theaverageincomeoftheblacksperhourwaslower1.90dollarthanthewhites’（Raphael1993:

532）.“Blackmen’saveragewagesin1975were$4.65,78%ofthewhitemalewage.”（Reimers1983:

570）StatisticsprovidedbytheUnitedStatesDepartmentofLaborsuggestthatbyNovember2004,theunemploymentrateforblackandwhitepeopleis10.8percentand4.7percentrespectively.Accordingtosomestatistics,blackpeople’sincomeisjust1/3ofthewhitepeople’seveniftheyaredoingthesamejob.That’sofcourseduetothediscriminationinthelabormarket.Onthewhole,thecoloredpeoplearegenerallypoor,withlivingbadcondition.Statisticsshowthatthenumberofblackpeoplelivinginpovertyisthreetimesthatofthewhite.

2.1.3CriminalJusticeSystem

Themostcommonscenethatappearsinourheadwhentalkingabouttheracialdiscriminationisthatmanyblackpeoplearejammedinacell.Hereissomeofficialreport:

Bytheendof2003,outof1.4millionprisonerswhoareservingjailtermsaboveoneyearatthefederalorstateprisons,