discrimination against blacks in 21st century分析二十一世纪美国对黑人的种族歧视大学论文.docx

1、discrimination against blacks in 21st century 分析二十一世纪美国对黑人的种族歧视大学论文铜仁学院 本科生毕业论文 题 目 Analysis of the American RacialDiscrimination against Blacks on Contemporary 分析二十一世纪美国对黑人的种族歧视系 别 外 国 语 言 文 学 系 专 业 英 语 姓 名 指导教师 截稿日期 2012 年 5 月 ContentsAcknowledgements.Abstract.I. Introduction . .1 II. The Forms an

2、d Reasons of Racial Discrimination against Black People22.1 The Forms of Racial Discrimination against Black People . 22.1.1 The Field of Education.22.1.2 Labor Market. 32.1.3 Criminal Justice System 42.2 The Reasons of Racial Discrimination against Black People.42.2.1 Political Reason .4 2.2.2 Cult

3、ural Reason .5 2.2.3 Economical Reason 52.2.4 Reasons on Black People Themselves 6III. The Way of Blacks and Governments Fight against Racial Discrimination.6 3.1 Famous Black Leaders against Racial Discrimination 6 3.2 The Way of Blacks and Governments Fight against Racial Discrimination7 3.3 Inter

4、national Organizations Fight against Racial Discrimination9IV. Conclusion . 10 References . . 11AcknowledgementsI must show my sincere thanks to those who offered me a large number of help during the course of my research.First, I must show my thanks to my supervisor Mr. Tang whose encouragement, en

5、thusiastic instruction, valuable advice have a huge influence on my research, which have greatly contributed to the completion of my thesis.Second, I am also grateful to those Chinese and foreign translators. With the help of them, I got plenty of abundant and useful referential materials, without t

6、hem I couldnt complete my research smoothly.Finally, I also give my thanks to my dear teachers and classmates whose encouragements greatly support me lead to success. Thanks a lot again. Analysis of the American Racial Discrimination against Blacks on ContemporaryAbstract: Racial discrimination in A

7、merica can date back to European slave trade period. It is a deep social problem in the United States because blacks and other minor ethnic groups are living in the bottom of the American society. Racial discrimination is a very serious social problem in American and still exists nowadays. There are

8、 many reasons cause human historical racial discrimination. Cultural、historical and political factors are the sources of American black racial discrimination. However, blacks to have the rights with whites there are many people in America always are busy with fighting against racial discrimination.

9、Key words: American racial discrimination against摘要: 美国种族歧视可以追溯到欧洲奴隶贸易时期。种族歧视是一个深深植根于美国的社会弊病，因为在美国，黑人和其他少数民族处于美国社会的最底层。种族歧视是美国国内的一个尖锐的一直存在的社会问题。文化，历史以及政治等都是种族歧视产生的原因。但是，黑人为了获得同白人一样的权利，很多的人一直在反抗种族歧视。结果在一定程度上获得了同白人一样的权利,但是是一个艰难的过程。关键词: 美国种族歧视 反抗. Introduction Nowadays, we can still feel the existence

10、of racial discrimination. As we all know, Michael Jackson might be the worlds most famous singer who was born in an African-American family with inborn skin black. Nobody knows why he changed his skin color from black to white. Racial discrimination always troubled the United States since America wa

11、s built, African-American, Latinos, Asian-American and other minority groups have been discriminated in many fields. Racial discrimination is a common topic and after Martin Luther Kings famous speech-I have a dream which was heard by throughout the world, the anti-discrimination campaign is not onl

12、y the business of black people in America, but becomes the all worlds sounds of heart. But its not enough. If we take a further step and look at it deeper, we will find that we in the position where many problems are waiting and the world is far from being the idealistic world we are what we want. T

13、he black exist as a minor race, but their contribution to Americas development can not be ignored. They are minor race; however their population counts for 12.2% of the whole population of America (Robey 1987.1.31). From the angle of population, we can know that the black have done many jobs in the

14、American labor market. Besides, they play a very significant role in the development of the American economy and in the urbanization. Because the Civil War many of the black immigrated to the cities in the North and the West of America. In 1960, Washington was the only city in which the blacks popul

15、ation took up half of the whole population. But in 1980, the number of this kind of city had increased to 9. The social phenomenon was called as “Black Urbanization”. It accelerated the process of the melting of the black and the white. For the racial discrimination is the business of all over the w

16、orld, it is necessary to study the origin of the racial discrimination. As a nation of immigrant, the United States has a population which consists of many different racial and ethic groups. One of these ethics is the black. The black lived a peaceful and happy life till the first intruder began the

17、ir dirty and bloody human-trading business. Since the 17th century, the black were shipped to America and the number of the black was up to 400 thousand (Sowell 1993: 187). After that, the tragedies fell on the black people one after another. The social status of black people had been improved after

18、 the Civil War; however they still had to face unfair treatments from the whole society. Although the black got their freedom and became a part of the society to some extent, they felt that they were treated differently. How to solve the problem is to which nobody can find a prompt solution. . The F

19、orms and Reasons of Racial Discrimination against BlacksWe can see that racial discrimination is not as strong as 50 years ago because many people fight against racial discrimination. Black people now take on some very respectful jobs, such as lawyers, TV program designers, and doctors, they get res

20、pect from others in some degree. But, if we see it much deeper, we will find that racial discrimination is still very common on contemporary society, only it takes subtle forms. 2.1 The Forms of Racial Discrimination against BlacksLiving in the 21st century, we can still feel the existence of racial

21、 discrimination. Racial discrimination against blacks mainly includes three parts. They are as follows. 2.1.1 The Field of Education When talking about the cultural field, the aspect of education can not be neglected, especially for children of the black. In 1930, only 58.5% black people could enter

22、 schools, but in 1980s, the black children could have the same chance to enter schools (Gilbert and Karl 1992: 92). In 1965, the Middle School Education Act accelerated the step of eliminating the system of racial segregation. More and more black children could enter the same school as the white chi

23、ldren (Franklin 1988: 567). Previous studies have suggested that in response to occupational and educational discrimination based on the race, many African American students have mentally withdrawn from the schooling process, as indicated by low levels of achievement and high levels of school dropou

24、t. Before 1954, the states in the South had legislation which indicated that the black children were forbidden to enter the school where the white children were educated. In 1960, there were 589 schools in New York, but only 95 schools where black children were permitted to receive their education.

25、The black children grow up in the environment of being treated like another creature from another planet. “In recent years there has been a resurgence of racial conflict at predominantly white institutions of higher education. Incidents of harassment and violence at the University of Michigan, the U

26、niversity of Massachusetts, and other campuses have highlighted the constituting racial divisions among majority and minority students. These incidents have emerged during a period when the society, in general, has expressed concern about the declining enrollment of racial minoritiesparticularly bla

27、cks in higher education.”(The Urban Review 1988: Vol. 20, No.3)2.1.2 Labor MarketThe high rate of unemployment of the black appeared after the Second World War. In 1946, the Job Management Community declared that there was no work for blacks. Then each factory cut down the number of black workers. O

28、wing to the Second World War, the rate of unemployment of the black was twice of whites. From 1952 to 1954, the rate of unemployment of the blacks increased from 5.4% to 9.9 % (Herbert 1965: 367). Equality in employment and salary did not exist. In 1954, the average income of the blacks per hour was

29、 lower 1.90 dollar than the whites (Raphael 1993: 532). “Black mens average wages in 1975 were $4.65, 78% of the white male wage.” (Reimers 1983: 570) Statistics provided by the United States Department of Labor suggest that by November 2004, the unemployment rate for black and white people is 10.8

30、percent and 4.7 percent respectively. According to some statistics, black peoples income is just 1/3 of the white peoples even if they are doing the same job. Thats of course due to the discrimination in the labor market. On the whole, the colored people are generally poor, with living bad condition

31、. Statistics show that the number of black people living in poverty is three times that of the white. 2.1.3 Criminal Justice SystemThe most common scene that appears in our head when talking about the racial discrimination is that many black people are jammed in a cell. Here is some official report: By the end of 2003, out of 1.4 million prisoners who are serving jail terms above one year at the federal or state prisons,