最新 高考英语 阅读理解专题练习及答案.docx
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最新高考英语阅读理解专题练习及答案
最新高考英语阅读理解专题练习（及答案）
一、高中英语阅读理解
1．（2019•天津）阅读理解
Howdoesanecosystem（生态系统）work?
Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare?
Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves?
Tofindananswer,scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs,notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.
Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs,forinstance,consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator（掠食动物）alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey（猎物）,thetwospeciesarestronglylinked;whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies,theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies,itcansurvivetheextinction（灭绝）ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare,theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.
Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable,wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies---includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.
Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean,wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale,whileonland,wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.
Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally,thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey,scientistssaysbecauseonceecosystemspasstheirtippingpoint（临界点）,itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.
（1）Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs？
A. Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.
B. Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.
C. Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.
D. Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.
（2）Astronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswhenapredator______.
A. hasawidefoodchoice B. caneasilyfindnewprey
C. stickstoonepreyspecies
D. canquicklymovetoanotherplace
（3）Whatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline？
A. Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.
B. Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.
C. Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.
D. Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.
（4）WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4？
A. Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.
B. Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.
C. Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.
D. Industrialactivitieshelpkeepfoodwebsstable.
（5）Howdoesanearly-warningsystemhelpusmaintaintheecologicalbalance？
A. Bygettingillegalpracticesundercontrol.
B. Bystoppingusfromkillinglargepredators.
C. Bybringingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.
D. Bysignalingtheurgentneedfortakingpreventiveaction.
【答案】
（1）B
（2）C
（3）D
（4）A
（5）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了一些在食物网运营的关键原则。
科学家们说;因为一个生态系统越过了它的临界点，它们很难再回来。
该系统将告诉我们何时适应人类活动，这些活动正将生态系统推向崩溃，或者甚至允许我们将生态系统从边缘拉回来，预防是关键。
（1）考查细节理解。
根据第二段中的“Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.”可知，借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了食物网中的一些关键原则。
故选B。
（2）考查细节理解。
根据第二段中的“Whenapredator（掠食动物）alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey（猎物），thetwospeciesarestronglylinked”可知，当捕食者总是吃大量的单一猎物，这两个物种是紧密相连的。
故选C。
（3）考查推理判断。
根据第三段中的“Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhad,asurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack”可知，处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对它们没有直接攻击的其他物种的种群数量有着惊人的控制，由此可推断出，如果食物链顶级食肉动物的数量大大下降，其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的变化。
故选D。
（4）考查推理判断。
根据最后一段中的“Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline”可知，人类过度的活动会将生态系统推向崩溃，由此可推断出，不受控制的人类活动极大地破坏了生态系统。
故选A。
（5）考查细节理解。
根据最后一段中的“Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warmingsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.”可知，早期变暖系统发出紧急需要采取预防行动的信号帮助我们维持生态平衡。
故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
2．阅读理解
Positivethinkingisasignificantelementofhappiness.Inordertobecomeapositivethinker,determinationandconsistencyareimportant.Thefirstthingtoknowaboutpositivethinkingisthateveryonecandoit. Withcertaincognitive（认知的）andbehavioralchanges,wecanallbecomepositivethinkers.Anotherimportantfactoristhatbeingapositivethinkerdoesnotmeanyoubecomenumbtoanythingthatisnotworkingproperlyinyourlifeorisnegative-itjustmeansthatyouapproachlifeandfacechallengeswithahealthieroutlook.
Insteadofselectivelyattendingtonegativeevents,focusonthepositiveones.Thenpayattentiontothedelayedconsequencesofyourbehaviorratherthantheimmediateones.Forexample,ifajobisnotgoinglikeyouwant,focusonthefactthatyouhaveajobandhowyoucantakeyourtimetomakethesituationbetter.
Challengeanyinternalattributionsandseeifyoucompareyourbehaviortostandardsthatareexcessivelyrigidandperfectionistic.Ifso,changetheseandbereasonablewithyourcomparisons.Forexample,ifyouconstantlycompareyourweaknesseswithotherpeople'sstrengths,thenswitchthisandcompareyourselfwiththosewhoaredoingpoorerthanyouaswell.Overall,peoplewhofocusmoreontheirstrengthsthantheirweaknessesbutatthesametimeareawareoftheirweaknesseshaveahealthierself-evaluationresult.
Whenfacedwithtoomuchfearaboutasituation,imaginetheworstcaseandvisualizeasolutionforit,thenletgooffear.Thisway,youwillbepreparedforanythingandyourfearwillnotblockyoufrombeingopenandcreativetodifferentsolutions.Forexample,ifyouareconstantlyworriedaboutlosingyourjobuptoapointwhereitiscreatingalotofanxietyandfearandiseffectingyourperformanceandyourhappinessnegatively,thenthinkoflosingyourjob,visualizehowyouwillhandleit,findsolutionsinyourmindandthenletgoofthethoughtandthefearattachedtoit.
Sopositivethinkersarebetterproblemsolversandhavebetterinteractions.Inadditiontothat,peoplewhoarepositivethinkersarehappierandmoresatisfiedwiththeirlife.
（1）Whyispositivethinkingasignificantelementofhappiness?
A. Itmeansthatoneisblindtothetroublesanddifficultiesthatexist.
B. Itmeansthatoneconstantlycompareseverythingwithotherpeople's.
C. Itmeansthatoneisstronginmindandhasnothingtobeafraidof.
D. Itmeansthatoneapproacheslifeandfaceschallengesmorehealthily.
（2）Whatdoesthetextsuggestaboutthejobyoudon'tlike?
A. Quittingitandfindingabetterone.
B. Keepingandtryingtomakeitbetter.
C. Beingnegativeandnumbtoit.
D. Challengingyourselfwithanewoutlook.
（3）Whatdoestheauthorintendtotellusinparagraph4?
A. Bepreparedfortheworst:
andletgooffear.
B. Beingconstantlyworriedwillloseyourjob.
C. Fearwillpreventyoubeingopenandcreative.
D. Thereisnothingtofearifwellprepared.
（4）Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?
A. Howtofocusonthepositiveevents
B. Howtobeapositivethinker
C. Whattodowhenfacedwithfear
D. Whattoknowofself-evaluation
【答案】
（1）D
（2）B
（3）A
（4）B
【解析】【分析】本文为是一篇议论文，积极的思考是幸福的重要组成部分。
要想成为一个积极的思考者，决心和毅力必不可少。
首先你要知道，每个人都能成为积极思考者。
只要改善一定的认知和行为,我们都可以做到。
文章论述了如何成为一个积极的思考者。
（1）考查推理判断。
根据第一段中的” Anotherimportantfactoristhatbeingapositivethinkerdoesnotmeanyoubecomenumbtoanythingthatisnotworkingproperlyinyourlifeorisnegative-itjustmeansthatyouapproachlifeandfacechallengeswithahealthieroutlook.“另一个重要的因素是，做一个积极的思考者并不意味着你对生活中任何不完美的事情麻木不仁或是带有悲观的色彩——这只是意味着你以一种更健康的态度对待生活和面对挑战，可推知，积极思考能让一个人更健康地对待生活和面对挑战，这也是一个人感到幸福的重要因素。
故选D。
（2）考查细节理解。
根据第二段中的”Forexample,ifajobisnotgoinglikeyouwant,focusonthefactthatyouhaveajobandhowyoucantakeyourtimetomakethesituationbetter.“例如，如果一份工作不像你想要的那样，把注意力集中在你有一份工作这个事实上，以及你如何花时间让情况变得更好，可知，当你有一份不喜欢的工作的时候，你应该坚持并努力让它变得更好。
故选B。
（3）考查段落大意。
第四段中的”Whenfacedwithtoomuchfearaboutasituation,imaginetheworstcaseandvisualizeasolutionforit,thenletgooffear.“当面对太多的恐惧时，想象最坏的情况，想象一个解决方案，然后放下恐惧。
是主题句，也是本段论述的主题。
故选A。
（4）考查主旨大意。
纵观全文可知，本文论述了如何成为一个积极的思考者。
因此，B项“如何成为一个积极的思考者”适合做本文最佳标题。
故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断，段落大意和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇教育类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息的基础上，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。
3．阅读理解
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