EPR核工程专业英语.docx

EPR核工程专业英语.docx

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EPR核工程专业英语

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Theenergycontext

Increasingenergyrequirements

By2050,theEarth'spopulationwillhaverisentobetween8and10billion,comparedtotoday'sfigureof6billion,ofwhomalmostonethirdarewithoutelectricity!

Energyneedswillincreaseconsiderably,sincemankindwillnaturallyaspiretoimprovedlivingconditionsandamoreequitablesharing ofthebenefitsofeconomicprogressand.Nuclearenergyshouldcontributegreatlytomeetingtheserequirementsinacontextofsustainabledevelopment.

AccordingtotheOECD'sInternationalEnergyAgency,thetotalconsumptionofprimaryenergy（coal,oil,gas,nuclearpower,hydropowerandotherformsofrenewableenergy）,includingthatusedtogenerateelectricity,currentlystandsataround9billionofmetrictonsofoilequivalent,andissettoincreaseby50%by2030.

 TheOECDhasalsoreleasedfiguresfortheEuropeanUnion,indicatinganexpectedannualincreaseinelectricityconsumptionof1.4%between2000and2030,makingallowanceforenergysavinginitiatives.Giventhatanumberofpowerplantswillbereachingtheendoftheirservicelife,600GWeofnewplantswouldhavetobebuilttoincreaseoutputby330GWeoverthisperiod.

 OnthebasisoftheprojectedannualincreaseinthedemandforelectricityinFrancepublishedbytheDGEMP*,consumptionwillincreaseby140TWhbetween2002and2020;thisincreasemeansaneedofanadditionalgenerationcapacityof 18GWeused withautilizationrateof90%.Theserequirementscannotbemetonlybyextendingtheuseofrenewableenergies.

*DGEMP :

GeneralDirectorateforEnergyandRawMaterialsoftheMinistryforIndustry,EconomyandFinance,whoseroleistoprepareandimplementFrance'spolicyforenergyandthesupplyofrawmaterials

Energysourcesthatcomplementeachother

Allenergysourceshavetheiruses;ratherthanbeingincompetition,theycomplementeachother,andallhavetheirownparticularitiesthatmakethemusefulinspecificareas.

Fossilfuelsremainimportantfortransportation,chemistryandheatgenerationonanindustrialscale.Theycouldbeusedmorewidelytogenerateelectricityincountrieswhereindustrializationisinearlydevelopment,beforeenvisagingaswitchtonuclearenergy.

 Theuseofsolarandwindenergyislikelytobecomemorewidespreadinsunnyandwindyareaswithscatteredpopulations.

Theseenergysourcesarecompletelydependentonweatherconditions:

forexample,windmillscanonlyoperatefor20to30%ofthetime.

Inourpartoftheworld,theyaremoresuitableforgeneratingelectricitythatisrequiredtemporarilyinadditiontothatgeneratedcontinuouslybynuclearorhydroelectricplants.

 Fossilfuelsupplieswillnotlastforever-projectedoilandgassupplieswillbedwindling,afterreachingaproductionpeakinthemiddleofthiscentury.Andforallfossilfuels,especiallycoal,transportationfromtheirpointsofextractionremainsachallengingissue.

Usingnuclearpowertogenerateelectricitymeansthatfossilfuelscanbereservedforareasinwhichtheyareindispensable.

Thenuclearindustryiscompetitive

 Severalstudies-publishedbetween1997and2002

（1）-,clearlyillustratethatthenuclearMWhcostcomparesfavorablywiththecheapestformofelectricitygeneratedusingfossilfuels,i.e.incombinedcyclegasplants.

Discountrateof5to10%forgeneration,andtakenaszeroforenvironmentalimpacts

 Furthermore,thenuclearMWhcostisonlyslightlyaffectedbythepriceofnaturalUranium:

 A10%variationinUraniumpriceresultsinavariationoflessthan0.5%intheMWhcost.Inaddition,Uraniumpriceisparticularlystable.

Conversely,thecostofMWhgeneratedusingnaturalgasiscloselylinkedtothepriceoffuel:

 A10%variationingaspriceresultsinavariationofmorethan6%intheMWhcost,andthepriceofgascouldincreaseconsiderablyifthemarketscomeunderstraininthefuture.

 ThecompetitivenessofnuclearpoweroverotherelectricitysourceswillbecomeincreasinglyapparentastheenvironmentalimpactofCO2andCarbonemissionsaregraduallytakenintoaccountfromaneconomicpointofview,asstipulatedbytheEuropeandirectiveregardingreleasepermits,settocomeintoforcein2005…inotherwords,verysoon.

（1）DGEMPandOECDstudies,MessrsGalleyandBatailleparliamentaryreport,reporttothePrimeMinistercarriedoutbyMessrsCharpin,PellatandDessus, Finnishstudypublishedbyessrs RissanenandTarjanne.

（2）ExternEisastudycarriedoutbyresearchersfromallthememberstatesoftheEuropeanUnionandtheUnitedStates,withthesupportoftheEUCommission,toquantifythesocialandenvironmentalcostsofelectricitygeneration.

AdvantagesoftheFrenchnuclearprogram

Franceiscurrentlyreapingthebenefitsofitsnuclearprogram

Thankstoitsnuclearenergyprogram,Franceispresentlyabletomeetonaself-sufficientbasis50%ofitsenergyrequirementscomparedto20%thirtyyearsago.

 Thankstoitsnuclearenergyprogram,Franceispresentlyabletomeetonaself-sufficientbasis50%ofitsenergyrequirementscomparedto20%thirtyyearsago.

Maintainingthislevelofself-sufficiencymeans:

 beinglessvulnerabletoerraticchangesinfossilfuelpricesresultingfrompoliticalinstability,

 minimizingtheenergybill:

only0.9%ofGNPin1999（beforetherecentincreaseinoilprices）asopposedto5%intheearlyeighties,

 guaranteeingthesupplyofelectricityatlowandstableproductioncosts,keepingourindustrymorecompetitive.

 Furthermore,thankstoourcomprehensiveexpertiseinnucleartechnology, ourcountryowns ahighly-skilledworkforceandexportsitsproductsandknow-howworldwide.

Controlledreleaseofgreenhousegases 

Controlledreleaseofgreenhousegases

 Nuclearpowerplantsdonotproduceanygreenhousegases,dustparticlesorchemicalsubstancesthatpollutetheatmosphereandsotheyrisetooneofthemajorchallengesofthiscentury,namelyprotectingtheenvironment.

  Thechallengeofenvironmentalprotectionisenormous,giventheordersofmagnitudeinvolved,with"savings"ofhundredsofmillionsofmetrictonsofCO2tobeachievedforEuropealone.Thefiguresbelowshowtheextenttowhichnuclearpowerplantscanreducegreenhousegasemissions.

CO2 emissionsperinhabitantin2002（t/inhabitant）

EDF'sfleetofpowerplants,whichismainlyconstitutedofnuclearandhydraulicunits,releases,onaverage,eighttimeslessCO2perkWhgeneratedthanalltheotherplantsintherestoftheEuropeanUnion,mostofwhichburnfossilfuels*.

TheEPR:

theadvancedreactor

TheEuropeanpessurizedwaterreactor 

TheEPR（EuropeanPressurizedwaterReactor）isbasedonlongprovenpressurizedwaterreactor（PWR）technology,asareallthereactorscurrentlyoperatedbyEDF.ItusesUraniumoxidefuelslightlyenrichedinU235upto5%,ormixedUraniumandPlutoniumoxidefuel（MOX）.Itsnetelectricalpowerisintherangeof1600MWe.

 TofindoutmoreabouthowaPWRworks:

Howapressurizedwaterreactorworks?

InaPWR,thepressurizedwaterintheprimarysystemisusedasamoderatortoslowdowntheneutrons,allowinganuclearreactiontooccurinthecore,andtotransfertheheatgeneratedduringthereactiontothesteamgenerators.

TheEPRhasfoursteamgenerators-oneforeachofthefourheatremovalloopscomposingtheprimarysystem.Steamgeneratorsare heatexchangers.Ontheirprimaryside,theyreceiveheatfromthenuclearreactor,andontheirsecondaryside,theydeliverheattothenonnuclearpartofthefacility（thereisaleak-tightseparationbetweentheprimaryandsecondarysidesofthesteamgenerators）.Thatsecondaryheatproducessteamtopowertheturbinegeneratorwhichinturngenerateselectricity.

 Ithasthefollowingadvantagesoveritspredecessors:

itsperformancelevelhavebeengreatlyimproved,resultinginincreasedcompetitiveness,

itincludesaconsiderablenumberofadvancedtechnologicalfeaturesthatmakeitextremelysafe,

operationandmaintenancearesimplified,

itprovidessolutionstosustainabledevelopmentissues,notablybygeneratinglesswasteandeffluents.

 Themaincharacteristicsofthe EPR:

*Averageburnupofthefuelreloads

TheEPR,apressingdecision

 Commissioningofnewplantsdesignedtoreplacetheretiringplantswillhavetobeginaround2020inFrance.Theoldestplantscurrentlyinoperationwillbereachingtheendoftheirservicelifearoundthistime.

 Giventhestrategicimportanceofreplacement,thedecisiontostartbuildinganewseriesofplants,whichwillhavetobetakenin2015,willrequirethebackingofatleastthreeyears'operatingfeedbackfromareferenceplant:

a"Pilot".

Thatpilotwillthereforehavetobecommissionedin2011.

Giventhetimerequiredtocompletelayoutstudies,constructionandtesting,2011isjustaroundthecorner!

Nuclearenergyguaranteessecurityofsupplyandstablecostsandhasarightfulplaceintheenergy"mix"ofthe21stcentury,wheresustainabledevelopmentisamajorissue.

 TheEPRistheEuropeansolution:

itissafe,reliable,competitiveandenvironmentally-friendly,meetstherequirementsoftheSafetyAuthoritiesandlivesuptotheexpectationsofelectricalutilities.

TheEPRisreadytobebuilt.

 Buildingapilotinthenearfuturewouldmean:

enablingFrance andtherestofEuropetocontinuecontrollingtheirenergyoptions;

increasingthesafetyandcompetitivenessofexistingplants,andbeingreadytoreplacethemwhenthetimecomes;

confirmingandstrengtheningourindustry'spositionasaninternationalleader,andperpetuatin