胡壮麟语言学.docx

胡壮麟语言学.docx

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胡壮麟语言学

ChapterOne

InvitationstoLinguistics

1.1WhyStudyLanguage

⏹Language

⏹Features

⏹Function

⏹Languagelearning

⏹firstlanguageleaning

⏹secondlanguagelearning

1.2WhatIsLanguage

⏹Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

⏹System:

elementsinlanguagearearrangedaccordingtocertainrules.

⏹Arbitrary:

Thereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordanditsmeaning.

⏹Symbolicnatureoflanguage:

wordsareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideasbyconvention.

1.3DesignFeaturesofLanguage

⏹Designfeaturesarefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguage.

⏹DesignFeaturesofLanguage

（1）

⏹Arbitrariness:

thefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.

⏹arbitrarinessatdifferentlevelsofalanguage

⏹1）arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning

⏹2）arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevel

e.g.a）apples,pearsandbananas

⏹pears,applesandbananas

b）Hecameinandsatdown.

⏹Hesatdownandcamein.

⏹Hesatdownafterhecamein.

⏹c）Shegotmarriedandhadababy.

⏹Shehadababyandgotmarried.

⏹d）屡战屡败

⏹屡败屡战

⏹3）arbitrarinessandconvention

⏹arbitrariness

⏹→languagecreative

⏹convention

⏹→learnability;

⏹→learningalanguagelaborious

1.3DesignFeaturesofLanguage

（2）

⏹Duality:

thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures

⏹1）sound—secondaryunits

⏹2）meaning—primaryunits

1.3DesignFeaturesofLanguage（3）

⏹Creativity（productivity）:

Userscanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.

⏹1）Wordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthings.

⏹mousebridge

⏹2）Itspotentialtocreateendlesssentencesbyrecursiveness（递归性）

⏹e.g.a.Smithbelievesthattheearthisflat

⏹b.BrownbelievesthatSmithbelievesthattheearthisflat

⏹c.SmithbelievesthatBrownbelievesthatSmithbelievesthattheearthisflat

⏹d.BrownbelievesSmithbelievesthatBrownbelievesthatSmithbelievesthattheearthisflat

⏹山里有座庙，庙里有个和尚，老和尚在念经，念的什么经：

山里有座庙，庙里有个和尚，老和尚在念经，念的什么经：

山里有座庙，庙里有个和尚，老和尚在念经，念的什么经……

1.3DesignFeaturesofLanguage（4）

⏹Displacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent（intimeorspace）atthemomentofcommunication.

1.3DesignFeaturesofLanguage（5）

⏹Culturaltransmission:

languageispassedonthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.

1.4OriginofLanguage

⏹Thebow-wowtheory汪汪理论:

imitatethesoundsoftheanimals.onomatopoeic

⏹Thepooh-poohtheory噗噗理论:

instinctivesoundsofpain,angerandjoy.interjection

⏹Theyo-he-hotheory哟嗬哟理论:

rhythmicgruntsproducedwhenworking.chants

OriginofLanguage

⏹Thedivine-origintheory

⏹“Sohe（God）tooksomesoilfromthegroundandformedalltheanimalsandallthebirds.Thenhebroughtthemtothemantoseewhathewouldnamethem,andthatishowtheygottheirnames.Sothemannamedallthebirdsandtheanimals,…”（Genesis，Chapter11：

6）

⏹Theinventiontheory

⏹a.imitativeb.criesofnature

⏹c.gruntsofmenworkingtogether

⏹Theevolutiontheory

1.5FunctionsofLanguage

（1）

⏹Jakobson

⏹"LinguisticsandPoetics:

ClosingStatement"

⏹Allactsofcommunication,betheywrittenororal,arecontingentonsixconstituentelements:

context,message,addresser,addressee,contactandcode

⏹Eachoftheconstituentelementsofthecommunicativeacthasacorrespondingfunction;thus:

⏹referential，poetic，emotive，phatic,conativeandmetalingual

⏹context

⏹REFERENTIAL

⏹Addressermessageaddressee

⏹EMOTIVEPOETICCONATIVE

⏹contact

⏹PHATIC

⏹code

⏹METALINGUAL

⏹Referential:

toconveymessageandinformation

⏹Emotive:

toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions

⏹Poetic:

toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake

⏹Conative:

topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandrequests

⏹Phatic:

toestablishcommunionwithothers

⏹Metalingual:

toclearupintentionsandmeanings

1.5FunctionsofLanguage

（2）

⏹Halliday:

threemetafunctionsoflanguage:

⏹1）ideationalfunctionistoorganizethespeaker’sorthewriter’sexperienceoftherealorimaginaryworld,i.e.languagereferstorealorimaginedpersons,thingsactions,events,states,etc.达意功能指组织说话者或作者现实或虚构世界的体验，即语言指称实际或虚构的人、物、动作、事件、状态等。

⏹2）Interpersonalfunctionistoindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipsbetweenpeople.Itincludesformsofaddress,speechfunction,MODALITY,etc.人际功能表明、建立或维持人与人之间的社会关系，包括称谓形式，语言功能，情态等。

⏹3）TextualfunctionistocreatewrittenorspokenTEXTswhichcoherewithinthemselvesandwhichfittheparticularsituationinwhichtheyareused.

⏹组篇功能指组成书面或口头的语篇，这些语篇内部连贯，并适用于所用的特定场景。

FunctionsofLanguage（3）

Halliday’sdevelopmentalfunctionsoflanguage

a.Instrumental工具性的（“Iwant”）:

usedforsatisfyingmaterialneeds

⏹b.regulatory控制性的（“doasItellyou”）:

usedforcontrollingthebehaviorofothers

⏹c.interactional应对性的（“meandyou”）:

usedforgettingalongwithotherpeople

⏹d.personal自指的（“hereIcome”）:

usedforidentifyingandexpressingtheself

⏹e.heuristic探究性的（“tellmewhy”）:

usedforexploringtheworldaroundandinsideone

⏹f.Imaginative想象性的（“Let’spretend…”）usedforcreatingaworldofone’sown

⏹g.informative告知性的（“I’vegotsomethingtotellyou”）:

usedforcommunicatingnewinformation

1.5FunctionsofLanguage（4）

⏹1）Informative:

usedforcommunicatingnewinformation

⏹2）Interpersonalfunction:

toindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipsbetweenpeople.Itincludesformsofaddress,speechfunction,modality,etc.人际功能表明建立或维持人与人之间的社会关系，包括称谓形式，语言功能，情态等。

⏹3）Performative（行事功能）:

toperformanact.

⏹explicitperformative,withaperformativeverb

⏹implicitperformative,withoutaperformativeverb

⏹Watchout.（=awarning）

⏹Ipromisenottobelate.

⏹Constative（述事功能）:

toassertsomethingthatiseithertrueorfalse.

⏹ChicagoisintheUnitedStates.

⏹4）Emotivefunction:

toexpressthespeaker’sfeelings.

⏹I’mnotinvitingtheBrownsagain.

⏹5）Phaticcommunion:

toestablishormaintainsocialcontactwithoutinvolvinganyfactualcontent.

⏹Howareyou?

Fine.Thankyou.

⏹Niceday,isn’tit?

Yes,itis.

⏹Blessyou.Thankyou.

⏹6）Recreationalfunction:

uselanguageforrecreation.

⏹baby’sbabblingverbaldueling

⏹7）Metalingualfunction:

functionoflanguageinreferringtoitself.

1.6WhatIsLinguistics

⏹Linguistics:

thescientificstudyoflanguageorthescienceoflanguage.

⏹1）Exhaustiveness（穷尽性）:

gatherallthematerialsrelevanttohisinvestigationandgivethemanadequateexplanation.

⏹2）Consistency（贯通性）:

nocontradictionbetweendifferentpartsofthetotalstatement.

⏹3）Economy（经济性）:

otherthingsbeingequal,ashorterstatementoranalysisispreferredtoalongerormoreinvolvedone.

⏹4）Objectivity（客观性）:

noprejudicetoinfluencehisgeneralization.

1.7MainBranchesofLinguistics

⏹Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.

1.7.1Phonetics

⏹Thestudyofspeechsounds,includingtheproduction,transmissionandperceptionofspeechsounds.Therearethreemainareasofphonetics:

⏹1.articulatoryphonetics

⏹2.acousticphonetics

⏹3.auditoryphonetics

⏹articulatoryacousticauditory

⏹phoneticsphoneticsphonetics

⏹↑↑↑

⏹Speaker<=soundwaves=>Hearer

⏹

1.articulatoryphonetics

⏹Articulatoryphoneticsdealswiththewayinwhichspeechsoundsareproduced.

2.acousticphonetics

⏹Acousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.

3.auditoryphonetics

⏹Auditoryphoneticsdealswithhowspeechsoundsareperceivedbythelistener.Itstudiesspeechsoundsfromthehearer’spointofview.

1.7.2Phonology

⏹1.Anothertermforphonemics（音位学）

⏹2.Acovertermforbothphoneticsandphonemics.

⏹Itdealswiththesoundsystemofalanguagebytreatingphonemeasthepointofdeparture.

1.7.3Morphology

⏹Thestudyofmorphemesandtheirdifferentforms（allomorphs）,andthewaytheycombineinwordformation.

⏹Morpheme（语素）:

thesmallestmeaningfulunitorthesmallestunitofmeaning.

⏹smallestmeaningful

⏹overseascarelessly

1.7.4Syntax

⏹Thestudyofhowwordscombinetoformsentencesandtheruleswhichgoverntheformationofsentences.

⏹Theteachersawthestudents.

⏹Thestudentssawtheteacher.

⏹E.g.Thechildrenwatchedthefireworkfromthehill.

⏹Thechildrenwatched[thefireworkfromthehill].

⏹Thechildren[watchedthefirework][fromthehill].

⏹男人没有了女人就活不下去。

⏹男人没有了，女人就活不下去。

⏹男人没有了女人，就活不下去。

⏹下雨天留人天留人不留。

⏹下雨天，留人天，留人不？

留。

⏹下雨天，留人天，留人？

不留。

⏹下雨天留人，天留人不留。

⏹Wordsareorganizedintostructuresmorethanjustwordorder.

1.7.5Semantics

⏹Thestudyofmeaning.Therearemanydifferentapproachestothewayinwhichmeaninginlanguageisstudied.

⏹1）NamingtheoryPlato

⏹2）ConceptualismtheoryOgdenandRichard

⏹3）ContextualismtheoryJ.R.Firth

⏹4）BehaviorismtheoryLeonardBloomfield

⏹wordmeaning

⏹ComponentialAnalysis

⏹sentencemeaning

⏹sentencemeaning=lexicalmeaning+grammaticalmeaning

1.7.6Pragmatics

⏹Thestudyoftheuseoflanguageincommunication,particularlytherelationshipsbetweensentencesandthecontextsandsituationsinwhichtheyareused.

⏹Thestudyoflanguageinuse.

⏹Thestudyofmeaningincontext.

⏹Pragmatics=meaning-semantics

1.8Macrolinguistics

⏹Psycholinguistics

⏹Sociolinguistics

⏹Anthropologicallinguistics

⏹Computationallinguistics

1.8.1Psycholinguistics

⏹Psycholinguisticsreferstothestudyof（a）thementalprocessesthatapersonusesinproducingandunderstandinglanguage,and（b）howhumanslearnlanguage.Psycholinguisticsincludesthestudyofspeechperception,theroleofmemory,conceptsandotherprocessesinlanguageuse,andhowsocialandpsychologicalfactorsaffecttheuseoflanguage.

1.8.2Sociolinguistics

⏹Sociolinguistics