大学英语语法汇总.docx
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大学英语语法汇总
大学英语语法汇总
1、名词
(1)以S结尾的名词做主语的主谓一致
1、以s结尾的疾病和游戏
arthritis,bronchitis,rickets,measles,mumps,diabetes,darts,marbles做主语时谓语动词应使用单数形式。
例:
Arthritiscausespaininthejoints.
特殊情况:
有一些疾病/游戏名词作谓语动词可单可复:
measles,rickets
Cards做主语动词用复数;darts,marbles指游戏使用的具体的镖和弹子意义时,谓语动词marbles可单可复,darts用复数形式。
例:
Measlesalwayscccur/occursamongkids.
Ninedartsarethrownateachturn.
2、以s结尾的学科名称
physics,mathematics,optics,acoustics,politics,athletics,tactics,linguistics,etc做主语时谓语动词使用单数。
例:
Mathematicsisalwaysaheadacheforgirls.
Politicsalwaysattractsboys.
特殊情况:
如果这些词并不是只带“学科”等意义,谓语动词便可做复数使用。
例如,mathematics运算能力,athletic体育运动,acoustics音响效果,tactics策略,economics经济学意义。
例:
TheacousticsinBonJovi’sTulsaconcertwerebeyondcriticismlastspring.
3、以s结尾的地理名称
TheStates,theunitedstates,theNetherlands,thePhilippines,theUnitedArabEmirates,theUnitedNation做主语时,谓语动词使用单数。
例:
TheNetherlandsisaEuroupeancountry.TheSatesisadevelopedcountry
特殊情况:
如果主语是群岛archipelago,山脉mountains,海峡straits,瀑布waterfalls,运动会games等,谓语动词则使用复数。
例:
TheNanshaIslands(TheSpratlyIslands)areintegralpartofChina.
TheWuyimountainsarepicturesque.
TheOlympicGamesareheldeveryfouryears.
4、其他以S结尾的名词
(1)成双成对出现的名词做主语时:
例如jeans,compasses(圆规)scissors,pincers,glasses,pants,shorts,trousers,slacks,suspenders等谓语动词使用复数.
例:
Theslacksaresocompleteful.TheHengdaliglassesaresopricey.但是加上单位词则使用单数。
例:
Onepairofglassesisfarfromenoughwhenyoutravelabroad.
(2)英语中还有一些以s结尾的名词,如archives,arms,clothes,contents,eaves,fireworks,firecrackers,goods,morals,thanks等,谓语动词使用复数。
例:
Thefirecrackersaresoloud.Manythanksgotomywifeandherfloks.
(3)Ings结尾的名词谓语动词一般使用复数。
如,clippings,diggings,earnings,fillings,sweepings,etc
例:
Hisearningsareprettygood.
特殊情况:
tidings(旧)做主语时谓语动词可单可复。
例Goodtidingsarecheerful.
(4)英语中有一些词,单复数同形,例如barracks,headquarters,means,series,species,works,sheep,deer谓语动词根据实际情况而定。
例:
Thismeansoftransportationdoesnotworkforme.
Thismeanshavebeentried.
TheseendangeredspeciesarewellprotectedinmainlandChina.
(5)少数的名词做单数和复数时意义不一样。
例:
Whatistheodds?
(有什么要紧)
Theoddsareinourfavors.(形式对我们有利)
特殊情况:
Remains做“遗体”时,谓语动词使用复数,如果当“遗迹”“剩余物”时,谓语动词可单可复。
例:
Theprimeminister’sremainswereburiedinthevicinityofthechurch.
Thereremainsoftheancientcapitalhasbeenreducedtodebrisafterthemassivequake.
Theremainsofthemealwas/werefedtothedog.
(2)集体名词做主语的主谓一致
1、通常做复数的集体名词police,people,cattle,militia,poultry,personal,clergy,vermin等做主语时谓语动词使用复数。
例:
Theclergyremaindividedontheissueofwomenpriests.
Thepersonal(总称:
员工)arereluctanttoaltertherules.
2、通常做单数的集体名词:
foliage(叶子总称),machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,clothing(clothes),poetry(poem,poet),baggage,luggage,scenery,jewellery(jewel).
例:
AllthemachineryismadeinChina.
Thewoodenfurnitureisunaffordable.
3、可单可复的集体名词:
congregation,family,government,public,crew,class,committee,audience,couple,nation,population等谓语动词根据实际情况对待。
例:
Thefamilyisalargeone.Thefamilyareeatingsalmonattable.
4、Acommittee/panel/boardof+pl.,谓语动词通常使用单数。
例:
Apanelofexpertsistogiveitsopiniononwaystotacklecongestion.
(3)problemsofconcordwithacoordinatesubjiect
1、and连接的是一个人/一件事
例:
Theteacherandinterpreterhasbeenlaidupforacoupleofdays.
Earlytobedearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthy,andwise.
2、and连接成对出现的名词:
knifeandfork,cartandhorse,needleandthread,lawandorder,breadandbutter,hamandeggs,cerealandmilk,fishandchips,pancakesandsyrup,etc.
例:
Breadandbutterisatastybreakfastinwesternculture.
Fishandchipsisapopularytake-awayfoodthatoriginatedintheUnitedKingdom.
3、and连接every/each/no/manya+单数名词,谓语动词使用单数。
例:
Everymaleandeveryfemalehastoevacuatefromthepowerplant.
Manyamanandwomaninthiscommunityfindshimselforherselfinneed.
Noboyandnogirlisplayingtennis.
4、and连接专有名词:
theStarsandStripes,theBatandball.
例:
ThebatandBallisadelightfulInnwithlotsofexposedbeams,flagstonefloors,roaringlogfires&cathedralcandlesallcreatingatraditionalvillageatmosphere.
TheStarsandStripeswasadoptedastheflagoftheUnitedStatesonJune14,1777.
5、or/either...or.../not..but../notonly..butalso../neither..nor..连接的主语按Theprincipleofproxiomity(就近原则)
例:
EitheryouorIamwrong.AreeitheryouorIwrong?
6、主语+asmuchas/ratherthan/morethan/nolessthan/aswellas/inadditionto/with/alongwith/togetherwith/except/but,etc.
例:
Ateacher,withhisstudents,iswatchinganEnglishmovie.
Theking,withthelordsandcommons,constitutestheirgovernment.
Hiscousinratherthanhisparentsisheldresponsibleforthisinhumanemassacre
(4)Problemsofconcordwithexperessionsofquantityassubject
1、DefiniteQuantity(确定数量)
①时间、数量、金钱、距离、重量等做主语时作为整体看待
例:
100dollarsmeansalottoakindofhisage.300poundsmakesanobeseguy.
②Therebe句型例外:
Thereare10dollaresinhispocket.
③Fraction分数/percentage百分数+of,谓语动词和of后的名词保持一致
例:
Twothirdsoftheappleisrotten.
Eightpercentofthestudentshavebeenmuggedinthisarea.
④population例Fifty-fivepercentofChina’spopulationliveintheruralarea
⑤operations运算
Addition加:
plus,andAubtraction减:
minus,subtractedby
Multiplication乘:
(multiplied)by,timesDivision除:
dividedby
都可以使用单数,但是加法和乘法有时候可以用复数。
Fortyminustwentyleavestwenty.Twotimesequalssixteen.
⑥onein/outofn.一般使用单数,有时使用复数
例:
Oneintengirlsdatesincollege.
2、IndefiniteQuantity(不确定数量)
①all/some/none/half/mostof+n.谓语动词根据of后面的名词来定
例:
Mostofthemoneyhasbeenspentontravelingabroad.
MostoftheAmericanhighschoolboyshavedates.
NonebutthebestcoffeeisgoodenoughforLynne.
②aportion/series/pile/panelof,of后面的名词一般使用单数
例:
Apileoflogsispilingup.Apanelofexpertsisunabletoreachanagreement.
③akind/type/sortof,of后面通常跟不可数名词或者单数名词,谓语动词使用单数。
Thistypeofsportscarisreallycostly.但Carsofthistypearecostly.
④these/thosekindof+pl.谓语动词使用单数
例:
Thesekindofbirdsaresorareforthishighlatitude.
⑤manya/morethanone谓语动词使用单数
例:
Manyastudenthasfiledcomplaints.
MorethanonecarcompanyhaslodgedclaimsagainstKumhoTires.
3、OtherproblemsofS-Vconcord
①NominalClause名词性从句谓语动词一般使用单数
例:
Howhecameherewasamystery.
Howhecamehereandwhyhecamehereweremysterious
②SVC结构中,如果C是名词复数,那么谓语动词可单可复。
例:
Whatisofimportancetomeis/arethedetailsofmywife’slife.
③Non-finiteClauses,doing/todo做主语谓语动词使用单数
例:
Toseeistobelieve.TotakeMandarintakescourage.
④RelativeClauses,定语从句中的谓语动词和先行词保持一致。
例:
Janeisoneofthefewgirlswhodon’tlikeproms.
⑤***oneof...,the(very/only)oneof...
例:
Janeistheonlyoneofthefewgirlswhodoes’slikeproms.
⑥CleftSentences,强调句谓语动词和主语一致。
例:
It’sIwhoammistanken.
⑦ExistentialSentences,Theprincipleofproximity(就近原则)
例:
Thereisathank-younoteandtwowristbandsonthetable.
4、Miscellaneous(其他)
①The+adj.:
thedead/rich/living/wealthy/wounded/blind/deafect谓语动词复数
例:
Thedeadarehauntingthegirlslivingonthatcornoroftheneighborhood.
②a(the)numberof,a(the)totalof区分
Anumberoffarmersareprotestingagainstbuildinganewairportonthefarmland.
③Oneandahalf做主语时谓语动词常用单数形式。
例:
Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.
④LargequantitiesofsandhavebeentransportedtotheYangtzeRiver.
(4)CollectiveNouns
1、有的集体名词只做复数:
people,police,cattle,verminect.
有的集体名词只做单数:
mankind,furniture,machinery,merchandiseect.
有的集体名词可单可复:
family,crew,governmentect.
特殊情况:
有一些集体名词具有个体意义:
Thecossetedcouplehavefourfamiliestosupport.
Thefamilyareeatinglunch.
Thefamilyiscomposedofthreepeople.
Beforeliberation,Chinausedtohavetwogovernmentsforawhile.
Thegovernmentistryingtocurbonlinecrimes.
Thegovernmentarenegotiatingthein-depthdetailswiththeforeignentyepreneur.
2、MaterialNouns,物质名词一般为不可数名词,没有单数、复数之分。
特殊情况:
物质名词如果作为复数出现,意义不同。
haveabeer?
Havetwobeers
havetea
Longjingisaworld-famoustea.
whitehair
Hehasafewwhitehairs.
sandsands
沙沙滩
waterwaters
水大片水体
food/fruitfoods/fruits
食物/水果多种食物/水果
coffee/twocoffees
咖啡/两杯咖啡
rubber(橡皮胶鞋)
橡胶
Wewearrubbersonourfeetwhenitrains.
stone(石头)
石料
Marbleisapreciousstone.
Egg(鸡蛋)
蛋渍
Thereissomeeggonhisnose.
Lamb(羔羊)
羊羔肉
Thereislambontoday’smenu.
onion(洋葱头)
洋葱味
Yousmellofonion.
Wood(树林)
木材
Thechairsaremadeofwood/thelostmanyelled,hopingthatsomeinthewoodscouldhearhim.
iron(熨斗)
铁
Ihaveonesteamiron.
Paper(论文,报纸)
纸张
Ihaveapapertoweite.
Glass(玻璃杯)
玻璃
Thisisamadeoftemperedglass.
cloth(一块布)
布料
Thisisaclothforthetable.
Chicken(小鸡)
鸡肉
Mynieceraisesachickenasherpet.
Fire(火灾)
火
Afirebrokeoutinthetrailerparklastnight
3、AbstractNouns,抽象名词没用单复数之分,因为不能计数。
例:
Knowledgeispower.Beautyistruth.Kindnessisavirtue.
但是有的抽象名词使用单数和复数意义不同。
sympathy(同情、怜悯)
sympathies(慰问、同情、怜悯)
experience(经验)
experiences(经历)
relation(关系)
relations(亲戚)
youth(青春)
youths(男青年)
worry(忧愁、烦恼)
worries(烦恼事)
distraction(心烦)
distractions(心烦得事)
business(商业、交易)
bussinesses(商店、商行)
kindness(仁慈)
kindness(善行)
Success(成功)
Successes(成功者、成功得事)
failure(失败)
Failures(失败者、失败的事)
Space(空间)
Aspace(空格)
disappointment(失望)
disappointments(令人失望得事)
4、family,room,mouth,ear在某些搭配中可以表示抽象概念。
例:
havetoomuchfamily/winter/mouth
Havetoolittleear,makeroomfor,feelthepatriotrise
5、man,croward,coquette,politician,sportsman,scholar,poet,fool等词在某些搭配中成了不可数名词。
例:
tobefoolenough,moreofafoolthan,asmuchofafoolas,toomuchofafool,enoughofaman,somethingofacelebrity
6、专有名词有时候具有可数名词来使用。
例:
TheSongsusedtoholdswayinChina.
IwishtobecomeanEdison.IwillbuyaFord/Lincoln.
TheTwoChinasPolicycannotbebrookedbytheChinesepopulation.
(5)IndependentGenitive(独立属格):
thedooroftheclassroom/thedog’sower/TomandJohn’sroom/Tom’sandjohn’sbooks/themapoftheworld