托福句子简化题难题汇总.docx

托福句子简化题难题汇总.docx

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托福句子简化题难题汇总

要被简化的句子已经用阴影标出，然后提出下列问题：

Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

正确选项特征

Expresstheessentialinformation——必保留主要信息

问：

什么是essentialinformation?

答：

主要逻辑中的主干信息。

例:

虽然今天很冷，但是穿着漂亮衣服的小明还是开开心心地在外面堆雪人。

Essentialinformation:

小明堆雪人

正确选项：

选项的essentialinformation必须包含小明堆雪人。

注:

虽然小明堆雪人，但是今天很冷。

这一选项是错误的。

因为在这里小明堆雪人是次要信息。

错误选项特征

1.leaveoutessentialinformation

形式：

逻辑错误，主干错误

解决方法：

反其道而行之——一定要在选项最重要的位置找到题干最主要的信息，排除无中生有的新的逻辑关系

2.changethemeaninginimportantways

形式:

细节题常见错误选项（混，偏，无，极，比，反）

解决方法：

从选项回到原句比较细节（先从常见错误选项入手）

四.解题步骤

1.找原句逻辑：

找逻辑连接词词。

常见逻辑连接词：

转折：

but,however,yet,nevertheless

让步：

although，though，eventhough，despite，inspiteof

比较对比：

more/lessthan,as…as,while,whereas,unlike

条件：

if,onlyif,except,unless,providethat,aslongas。

因果：

because（of）,since,as,why,for,therefore,hence,thus,consequently,leadto,asaresult（of）,resultin,resultfrom,reason,AcontributetoB,attribute/ascribeAtoB,explain,comefrom,soAthatB,AberesponsibleforB

注意:

在因果关系中要注意区分谁是结果，谁是原因。

要注意隐性因果关系词:

force,make,explain,不能直接排除选项中有因果逻辑关系的词。

转折关系只是说明转折之后的信息是主要信息是主要信息，要保留。

不能直接排除选项中没有转折关系的项。

2.找原句主干：

谁做什么，谁是什么（一般删掉修饰语:

定语从句，介词短语结构，时间地点状语）

注意：

若两个句子有对比关系，因为两个分句中被比较的事物本质可能都差不多，所以表修饰的定语从句才是关键，这时候定语时关键。

*第一二步实际上是找到原句的essentialinformation

3.看选项逻辑，主干

4.对比原文与选项主要信息。

排除有明显与主要信息矛盾的选项了，排除无中生有的逻辑

*这个步骤在实际做题的时候，其实是和第三步同时发生的。

5.对比细节：

一般情况下已经排除了三个排除，只剩下正确选项。

如果还剩下两个选项，就应该从选项回到原句比较细节（细节有所缩减，但是选项中的细节必定在原句中已经体现）

五.例题解析

Inequalitiesofgenderhavealsoexistedinpastoralistsocieties,buttheyseemtohavebeensoftenedbytheabsenceofsteephierarchiesofwealthinmostcommunities,andalsobytherequirementthatwomenacquiremostoftheskillsofmen,including,often,theirmilitaryskills.

Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

A.Despitethefactthatwealthisrelativelyevenlydistributedinpastoralsocieties,genderinequalitystillexistsbecauseonlymencanacquiremilitaryskillsandsocialstatus.

B.Inequalitiesofgenderexistedinpastoralistsocietiesuntilmostcommunitiesbegantorequirewomentopossessthesameskillsasmenandtakepartinthemilitary.

C.Inequalitiesofgenderinpastoralistsocietieswerecausedbysteephierarchiesofwealthanddifferencesinmilitarytrainingbetweenmenandwomen.

D.Inpastoralsocieties,genderinequalityiscomparativelymildbecausewealthisrelativelyevenlydistributedandwomenhavetolearnmostofthesameskillsthatmendo.

解析：

找原句逻辑：

but（but之后重要）

找原句主干:

theyseemstohavebeensoftened（by..andalsoby）

3．找选项主干逻辑

A.Despite…（不重要）,genderinequalitystillexistsbecause…

B.Inequalitiesofgenderexistedin…until…

C.Inequalitiesofgenderwerecausedby…

D.Genderinequalityiscomparativelymildbecause…

4.对比原文与选项主要信息

Softened的概念只在Dcomparativemild中出现，所以选择D.

OG

AppliedArtsandFineArts

因果

Sincethelawsofphysics,notsomearbitrarydecision,havedeterminedthegeneralformofapplied-artobjects,theyfollowbasicpatterns,somuchsothatfunctionalformscanvaryonlywithincertainlimits.

2.Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence?

Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

○Functionalapplied-artobjectscannotvarymuchfromthebasicpatternsdeterminedbythelawsofphysics.

○Thefunctionofapplied-artobjectsisdeterminedbybasicpatternsinthelawsofphysics.

○Sincefunctionalapplied-artobjectsvaryonlywithincertainlimits,arbitrarydecisionscannothavedeterminedtheirgeneralform.

○Thegeneralformofapplied-artobjectsislimitedbysomearbitrarydecisionthatisnotdeterminedbythelawsofphysics.

TheOriginsofCetaceans

让步

Thestructureofthebackboneshows,however,thatAmbulocetusswamlikemodernwhalesbymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown,eventhoughaflukewasmissing.

10.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.（3）

○EventhoughAmbulocetusswambymovingitsbodyupanddown,itdidnothaveabackbone.

○ThebackboneofAmbulocetus,whichallowedittoswim,providesevidenceofitsmissingfluke.

○AlthoughAmbulocetushadnofluke,itsbackbonestructureshowsthatitswamlikemodernwhales.

○Bymovingtherearpartsoftheirbodiesupanddown,modernwhalesswiminadifferentwayfromthewayAmbulocetusswam.

DesertFormation

因果

Theextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandthetremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.

10.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

（1）

○Desertificationisasignificantproblembecauseitissohardtoreverseandaffectslargeareasoflandandgreatnumbersofpeople.

○Slowingdowntheprocessofdesertificationisdifficultbecauseofpopulationgrowththathasspreadoverlargeareasofland.

○Thespreadofdesertsisconsideredaveryseriousproblemthatcanbesolvedonlyiflargenumbersofpeopleinvariouscountriesareinvolvedintheeffort.

○Desertificationisextremelyhardtoreverseunlessthepopulationisreducedinthevastareasaffected.

EarlyCinema

因果

Herefusedtodevelopprojectiontechnology,reasoningthatifhemadeandsoldprojectors,thenexhibitorswouldpurchaseonlyonemachine-aprojector-fromhiminsteadofseveral.

3.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentencefromthepassage?

Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

（3）

○Edisonwasmoreinterestedindevelopingavarietyofmachinesthanindevelopingatechnologybasedononlyone.

○Edisonrefusedtoworkonprojectiontechnologybecausehedidnotthinkexhibitorswouldreplacetheirprojectorswithnewermachines.

○Edisondidnotwanttodevelopprojectiontechnologybecauseitlimitedthenumberofmachineshecouldsell.

○Edisonwouldnotdevelopprojectiontechnologyunlessexhibitorsagreedtopurchasemorethanoneprojectorfromhim.

Aggression

对比

Forexample,peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustified-asduringwartime-arelikelytoactaggressively,whereaspeoplewhobelievethataparticularwaroractofaggressionisunjust,orwhothinkthataggressionisneverjustified,arelesslikelytobehaveaggressively.

8.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

（2）

○Peoplewhobelievethattheyarefightingajustwaractaggressivelywhilethosewhobelievethattheyarefightinganunjustwardonot.

○Peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifiedaremorelikelytoactaggressivelythanthosewhobelievedifferently.

○Peoplewhonormallydonotbelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifiedmayactaggressivelyduringwartime.

○Peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifieddonotnecessarilyactaggressivelyduringwartime.

ArtisansandIndustrialization

并列

Apprenticeswereconsideredpartofthefamily,andmasterswereresponsiblenotonlyforteachingtheirapprenticesatradebutalsoforprovidingthemsomeeducationandforsupervisingtheirmoralbehavior.

○Mastersdemandedmoralbehaviorfromapprenticesbutoftentreatedthemirresponsibly.

○Theresponsibilitiesofthemastertotheapprenticewentbeyondtheteachingofatrade.

○Masterspreferredtomaintainthetradewithinthefamilybysupervisingandeducatingtheyoungerfamilymembers.

○Masterswhotrainedmembersoftheirownfamilyasapprenticesdemandedexcellencefromthem.

SwimmingMachines

Onepotentialproblemisthatopeningthemouthtobreathedetractsfromthestreamliningofthesefishesandtendstoslowthemdown.

○Thesefishesoftenhaveaproblemopeningtheirmouthswhileswimming.

○Thestreamliningofthesefishespreventsthemfromslowingdown.

○Thestreamliningofthesefishestendstoslowdowntheirbreathing.

○Openingthemouthtobreathecanreducethespeedofthesefishes.

Nineteenth-CenturyPoliticsintheUnitedStates

对比

TheWhigswerestrongestinthetowns,cities,andthoseruralareasthatwerefullyintegratedintothemarketeconomy,whereasDemocratsdominatedareasofsemisubsistencefarmingthatweremoreisolatedandlanguishingeconomically.

○WhigswereabletoattractsupportonlyinthewealthiestpartsoftheeconomybecauseDemocratsdominatedinotherareas.

○WhigandDemocraticareasofinfluencewerenaturallysplitbetweenurbanandruralareas,respectively.

○ThesemisubsistencefarmingareasdominatedbyDemocratsbecameincreasinglyisolatedbytheWhigs'controlofthemarketeconomy.

○TheDemocrats'powerwasgreatestinpoorerareaswhiletheWhigswerestrongestinthoseareaswherethemarketwasalreadyfullyoperating.

TheExpressionofEmotions

TheForealsodisplayedfamiliarfacialexpressionswhenaskedhowtheywouldrespondiftheywerethecharactersinstoriesthatcalledforbasicemotionalresponses.

○TheFore'sfacialexpressionsindicat