硕士学位论文从语用学角度透视英汉礼貌用语互译.docx

硕士学位论文从语用学角度透视英汉礼貌用语互译.docx

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硕士学位论文从语用学角度透视英汉礼貌用语互译

上海海事大学

SHANGHAIMARITIMEUNIVERSITY

硕士学位论文

MASTER’SDISSERTATION

论文题目：

从语用学角度透视英汉礼貌用语互译

学位专业：

外国语言学及应用语言学

作者姓名：

王德凤

指导教师：

袁永芳副教授

完成日期：

二OO九年六月

ONTHETRANSLATIONOFENGLISHANDCHINESEPOLITEEXPRESSIONSFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFPRAGMATICS

By

WangDefeng

AThesisSubmittedtoShanghaiMaritimeUniversity

InPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirements

FortheDegreeofMasterofArts

UndertheSupervisionofProfessorYuanYongfang

June,2009

Acknowledgements

Twoyearshavepassedwithoutbeingnoticed,Iamabouttograduatefrommydearandunforgettableuniversity.WhenIlookback,Irealizehowimportanttheseyearsare.Beforeenteringthisuniversity,Iwasonlyaninnocentgirlwithoutanyexperience,butnowIamagraduatewhoisreadytostepintothesocietyandfacedifficulties.Beforewritingthisthesis,Iwanttoexpressmysincereappreciationstoallthepeoplewhohavehelpedme.

Firstandforemost,Iamgreatlyindebtedtomysupervisor,ProfessorYuanYongfang,forherpatientinstruction,insightfulcriticism,andenlighteningguidance.Shehaswalkedmethroughallthestagesofthewritingofthisthesis.Withoutherconsistentandilluminatinginstruction,thisthesiscouldnothavereacheditspresentform.Besidesherhelponthethesis,Ihavealsolearnttheprofessionalethicsfromher.

Second,IwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetoalltheprofessorssuchasProfessorWangDawei,ProfessorZhengLixin,andProfessorHanZhonghua,whohavetaughtmehowtodotranslationresearch.

Ialsoowemysinceregratitudetomyfriends,roommates,andfellowclassmateswhogavemetheirhelpandtimeinlisteningtomeandhelpingmeworkoutmyproblemsduringthedifficultcourseofthethesis.

Mylastanddeepgratitudewouldgotomybelovedparentsfortheirlovingconsiderations,unfailingsupportandgreatconfidenceinmeallthroughtheseyears.

Thanksagaintoallofyouwhohavehelpedme!

Thanks!

摘要

伴随着经济的全球化、互联网的不断普及以及文化的广泛传播，国与国之间、民族与民族之间的交往愈来愈频繁；而礼貌用语作为人类的文明标志，是各种语言、各种文化所共有的普遍现象,它有助于建立、巩固和维护和谐的人际关系、促进社会交往。

然而，根据笔者调查，尽管这类日常用语在社会学、人类学、社会语言学、话语分析等学科领域都有过一些研究，但学者们大都是从静态、描写的角度来研究的。

翻译是一种跨语言、跨文化的交际行为，它涉及语际间的意义转换。

语用学研究语言在使用中的意义和在语境中的意义。

由于意义与社会、文化等语境因素有关并由作者的交际意图决定，因此译者在翻译、创作过程中会受到诸多语用因素不同程度的制约和影响，语用学可以为礼貌用语翻译研究提供更充分、合理的解释。

所以，礼貌用语作为社交中一种必不可少的工具，更多的应该将其与语用学结合起来从动态角度研究.有鉴于此，本论文尝试将礼貌用语同语用学的一些基本理论和翻译实践结合起来，探讨如何在礼貌用语的翻译中实现源语言与目的语之间的礼貌对等.本论文在简单介绍了基本概念之后，对中西方的礼貌原则和礼貌理论进行了比较研究。

其中西方以Leech的礼貌原则为代表，中国以顾曰国先生的为代表。

在系统比较和研究的基础上，文章将这些礼貌用语与语用学理论相结合，探讨礼貌用语在具体语境中的使用情况，并提出了一些有关礼貌用语的翻译策略。

这一研究无疑会有助于不同文化背景下的人们相互了解，从而减少了跨文化交际过程中的语用失误，增进彼此间的友谊，建立和维持良好的社会秩序。

文章最开始对几个重要的概念和它们之间的相互关系做了诠释。

第二章对中西方的礼貌理论和原则进行了回顾和比较，并分析了造成差异的深层次原因。

第三章是对第二章礼貌理论和原则的具体运用。

在这一章，笔者根据礼貌用语的用途和使用场合，将礼貌用语分为称呼语、问候语和道别语、祝贺语、恭维语及其回答、道谢及其回答、道歉语及其回答以及要求语和谢绝语等，并分析礼貌原则在每一类具体的礼貌用语中是如何运用的。

通过前面对中西方礼貌理论和原则的比较和具体语用分析，读者自然会对中西方的礼貌特征有比较清晰的理解，这

为下一章从语用学角度研究英汉礼貌用语的翻译做了较好的铺垫。

第四章是文章的主体部分，这部分以语用学的一些理论，如言语行为理论、会话含义理论、合作原则和关联理论等为基础开始从动态角度来探索礼貌用语的翻译，强调礼貌用语翻译中的语用对等，尤其是礼貌对等的重要性，最后提出了礼貌用语的一些翻译策略，如以目标语的礼貌原则为准则；按照中西方礼貌原则的差异对译文做出适当的调整；用奈达的功能对等理论指导礼貌用语的翻译等。

最后一章总结全文得出结论----礼貌对等作为翻译对等中的一个重要组成部分，应该被视为一条重要的翻译指导原则。

关键词：

礼貌用语；礼貌与翻译；语用研究；语用学与翻译；礼貌对等

ABSTRACT

Withtheeconomicglobalization,theestablishmentofinternetandthetransmissionofculture,allthesefactorsresultinthefrequentcommunicationamongcountriesandnations.Politeness,asthesymbolofhumancivilization,isauniversalphenomenonwhichcanbeobservedinalllanguagesandcultures.Ithelpsestablish，maintainorconsolidateharmoniousinterpersonalrelationshipsandfacilitatesocialinteractions.

Thoughpolitenesshasbeenstudiedinsociology,anthropology,sociolinguistics,anddiscourseanalysis,however,accordingtotheauthor’sinvestigation,mostscholarshavestudiedthemfromastaticanddescriptiveview.Translatingiscommunicativeprocess,whichtakesplacewithinasocialcontext.Andtranslationinvolvesthetransferenceofmeaningbetweentwolanguages.Sincemeaningisdeterminedbythelinguisticandnon-linguisticfactorsandthecommunicativeintentionsofthespeakerorwriter,thenpragmaticswhichstudiesmeaninginuseandincontextcanundoubtedlyshedsomelightontheprocessandproductofpolitenesstranslation.Therefore，politeness,asanessentialtoolforsocialcommunication，shouldbestudiedbyadoptingpragmaticsandexploredfromadynamicperspective.Forthispurpose,thethesismakesanattempttotestifyboththeoreticalandpracticalusefulnessofpragmaticsbygraftingmajorpragmatictheoriesandnotionsontothescienceandartofpolitenesstranslation,thuspolitenessequivalencecanbeachieved.Onthebasisofabriefintroductiontosomebasicconceptions,thethesispresentsacomparisonandstudyoneasternandwesternpolitenesstheoriesandintroducestheprincipleswhicharerepresentedbyGuYueguo’sandLeech’spolitenessprinciplesrespectively.Afterthis,theauthorcombinespolitenesswithpragmatictheoriesandprinciplessoastoexploretheirspecificusageinconcretecontextsandfinallyproposessometranslationstrategies.Doubtlessly,thisstudywillhelppeopleunderdifferentculturalbackgroundtounderstandwitheachotherandfurtherreducepragmaticfailuresincross-culturecommunication,promoteinterpersonalfriendships,andfinallyestablishandmaintainafavorablesocialorder.

Thethesisbeginswiththeinterpretationsofsomebasicconceptionsandtheirinterrelations.Inchaptertwo,theauthorgivesanoverviewofpolitenesstheoriesandmakesacomparisonbetweenEnglishandChinesepolitenessprinciples,andanalyzesthedeep-rootedreasonsrelatedtothedifferences.Chapterthreeisaspecificuseofpolitenesstheorieswhichhavebeenintroducedinchaptertwo.Accordingtoitscharacteristicsandusage,theauthor,inthissectiondividespolitenessintoaddressterms，greetingsandpartings,congratulations,complimentsandresponses,thankingandresponses,apologizesandresponses,requestsandresponses,andanalyzeshowtousethosepolitenessprinciplesineachcategory.Onthebasisofpreviouscomparisonandanalysis,thethesispresentsitsreadersaclearpictureoffeaturesofeasternandwesternpolitenessrespectively,whichlaysasolidfoundationforthenextchapter,studyingpolitenesstranslationintermsofpragmatics.Chapterfouristhemainpartofthethesis.Itbeginswiththestudyofpolitenessfromadynamicviewonthebasisofsomepragmatictheories,suchasIllocutionaryActTheory,ImplicatureTheory,CooperativePrincipleaswellasRelevanceTheory,emphasizingthesignificanceofpragmaticequivalence,especiallypolitenessequivalencewhiledoingpolitenesstranslation,andfinallyproposessometranslationstrategiesofpoliteness,suchasadoptingthepolitenessnormsorprinciplesofthetargetlanguage,properadjustmentsaccordingtothewesternandeasternpolitenessdifferences,andtakingNida’s“functionalequivalence”toguidethetranslationofpoliteness.Inthelastchapter,theauthordrawsaconclusion---politenessequivalence,asavitalpartoftranslationequivalenceshouldbeconsideredasanimportanttranslationprinciple.

KEYWORDS:

politeness;politenessandtranslation;pragmaticstudy;pragmaticsandtranslation;politenessequivalence

CONTENTS

Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………..i

AbstractinChinese………………………………………………………………ii

AbstractinEnglish……………………………………………………………….iv

Chapter1Introduction…………………………………………………………….1

1.1Politeness……………………………………………………………………2

1.1.1PolitenessinEnglish…………………………………………………………….3

1.1.2PolitenessinChinese……………………………………………………….4

1.2Pragmatics…………………………………………………………………….5

1.3Translation…………………………………………………………………..7

1.4PolitenessandTranslation……………………………………………………..9

1.5PragmaticsandTranslation…………………………………………………10

Chapter2AnOverviewofPolitenessRelatedTheories……………………….13

2.1AComparisonbetweenEnglishandChinesePolitenessTheories…….……….13

2.1.1EnglishPolitenessTheories………….…………………..……………………15

2.1.1.1Lakoff’sPragmaticStrategyofPoliteness…………………………………16

2.1.1.2Brown&Levinson’sFace-savingViewofPoliteness…………………….18

2.1.1.3Leech’sPolitenessPrinciples………………………………………………21

2.1.2ChinesesPolitenessTheories……………………….…………………………24

2.1.2.1SomeTheoriesRelatedto“Face”inChina………………………………..25

2.1.2.2GuYueguo’sPolitenessMaxims……………………………………………26

2.2SimilaritiesandDifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesePoliteness……..29

2.3Deep-rootedFactorsRelatedtotheDifferencesbetweentheTwoPrinciples…33

2.3.1IndividualismVS.Collectivism……………………………………………33

2.3.2NatureExistsforHumanVS.Nature-humanIntegration…………………35

2.4ABriefSummary………………………………………………………………..37

Chapter3CaseStudyofPolitenessinEnglishandChinese……………………38

3.1AddressTerms………………………………………………………………38

3.2GreetingsandPartings………………………………………………….40

3.3Congratulations,ComplimentsandResponses…………………………..41

3.4ThankingandResponses…………………………………………………..43

3.5ApologizesandResponses……………………………………………….45

3.6RequestsandRefusals……………………………………………………47

Chapter4AStudyofTranslationonPolitenessinTermsofPragmatics…….48

4.1MotivationofThisStudy……………………………………………………..49

4.2SignificationofThisStudy…………………………………………………….50

4.3TheApplicationofSomePragmaticTheoriesinTranslation……………….51

4.3.1SpeechActTheory……………………………………………………….52

4.3.2TheTheoryofConversationalImplicature……………………………….55

4.3.2.1TheCooperativePrinciple………………………………………………55

4.3.2.2TheCooperativePrincipleandTranslation………………………………..57

4.3.3RelevanceTheory…………………………………………………………..59

4.3.3.1OptimalRelevanceasCoretoPragmaticEquivalence…………………...….61

4.3.3.2SuccessfulOptimalRelevanceinPolitenessTranslation……………………62

4.3.3.3OptionalRelevanceinPol