科技英语写作表达的几个问题.docx
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科技英语写作表达的几个问题
科技英语写作表达的几个问题
平山健三英语化学论文写作方法
市原英语论文的写作方法
周春晖科技英语写作
英文现刊
1简明
2富于变幻
3辨析近义词
4语法修辞及其他
(1)由which,that,where引出的从句
(2)不要在一个名词前用一串词进行修饰
(3)词序
(4)利用时态表示事件发生的先后关系
(5)介词
1)与描写实验过程有关的介词
2)由相同介词引起的相互平行的对等结构
1简明
科学论文不同于文学作品,要求必须简明、清晰、准确
例AscanbeseenfromFig.1,growthisrapid.
→Growthisrapid(Fig.1).
Fig.1showsthatgrowthisrapid.
AsshowninFig.1…
→Fig.1shows…
Themolarenthalpyofdecompositionwasdeterminedtobe62.38kJ/molbymeansoftheethirdpeakareainDSCcurve.
→Themolarenthalpyofdecompositionwasdeterminedtobe62.38kJ/molfrom(orby)thethirdpeakareainDSCcurve.
下述句式可以更加简洁的形式表达
常以介词或副词代替
anumberof=several,some
atatemperatureofat
atsomefuturetimelater
atthepresenttime(moment)now
averylimitednumberoffew
bymeansofbyorwith
duetothefactthatbecauseorsince
duringthetimethatwhile
foraperiodoffor
forthereasonthatbecauseorsince
fromthestandpointofaccordingto
greater(orhigher)numberofmore
ifconditionsaresuchthatif
comparedwithA,BwasbiggerBwasbiggerthanA
considerableamountofmuch
considerablenumber(orproportion)manyormost
inacarelessmannercarelessly
inaconsiderablenumberofcasesoften
inasimilarmannersimilarly
inallcasesalways,all
inanycaseanyhow
inconsequenceofthisfacttherefore
inexcessofmorethan
infewcasessometimes,rarely,seldom
inmanycaseschemistsare…manychemistsare…
inordertoto
inregardto
inrelationto
inrespectto
inthecaseof
inthecontextof以上可使用适当的介词,例如in,for,about,with
insomecasessometimes
intermsofin
inthecaseofsodiumwithsodium
intheeventthatif
inthenearfuturesoon
inthetemperaturerangeofbetween…and…℃
inviewofthefactthatsinceorbecause
largenumber(s)ofmany
largeproportionofmany
ofgreatimportanceimportant
ofsuchhardnessthatsohardthat
onthebasisoffrom,by,because
ontheorderofabout
overthepastfewyearsrecently,inrecentyears
owingtothefactthatsince,because
asmallnumberofafew
subsequenttoafter
asufficientnumberofenough
withreferencetoabout
priortobefore
将以It为先行词的that从句改写成简洁的形式
Itisapparentthat…Apparently…,hence,thus
Itappearsthat…Apparently…
Itisinterestingtonotethat…Interestingly…
Itwasin1977that…In1977…
Itisclearthat…Clearly…
Itisourconclusionthat…Weconcludethat…
Itispossiblethat…
Itmaybesaidthat…Perhaps…,Possibly,Probably
Itisoftenthecasethat…Often…
Itispossiblethatthecauseis…Thecausemaybe…
可去掉It,改用动词,而不用名词
Itistheaimofthepresentinvestigationtoprovide…
→Thisinvestigationisaimedtoproviding…
ACS建议以如下几种方式,使文章写得更加简明:
(1)删去诸如下述短语
Asalreadystated
Ithasbeenfoundthat
Ithaslongbeenknownthat
Itisinterestingtonotethat
Itisworthmentioningatthispoint
Itmaybesaidthat
Itwasdemonstratedthat
(2)删去多余的词
Itisaprocedurethatisoftenused.→Thisprocedureisoftenused.
Therearesevenstepsthatmustbe
completed.→SevenstepsmustbeCompleted.
Thisisaproblemthatis…→Thisproblemis…
Theseresultsarepreliminaryinnature.→Theseresultsarepreliminary.
(3)不用短语,用单一词表达
anumberof→many,several
asmallnumberof→afew
areinagreement→agree
arefoundtobe→are
areknowntobe→are
atpresent→now
atthepresenttime→now
basedonthefactthat→because
bymeansof→by
despitethefactthat→although
duetothefactthat→because
duringthattime→while
fewerinnumber→fewer
forthereasonthat→because
hasbeenshowntobe→is
ifitisassumedthat→if
incolor,e.g.,redincolor→juststatethecolor,e.g.,red
inconsequenceofthisfact→therefore,consequently
inlength→long
inorderto→to
inshape,e.g.,roundinshape→juststatetheshape,e.g.,round
insize,e.g.,smallinsize→juststatethesize,e.g.,small
inspiteofthefactthat→although
inthecaseof…→in…,for…
inthenearfuture→soon
inviewofthefactthat→because
isknowntobe→is
itappearsthat→apparently
itisclearthat→clearly
itislikelythat→likely
itispossiblethat→possibly
itwouldappearthat→apparently
ofgreatimportance→important
ontheorderof→about
owingtothefactthat→because
priorto→before
reportedintheliterature→reported
subsequentto→after
两种类型的复杂句及其简化
有被动式从句与主动式从句之分
[被动式从句]
Heusesaninstrumentwhichiscalledaspectroscope.
→Heusesaninstrumentcalledaspectroscope.(简化为后置的过去分词)
带有介词+which句子的简化
(1)atwhich→where
Airportisaplaceatwhichspecialattentionispaidtotheweather.
→Airportisaplacewherespecialattentionispaidtotheweather.
(2)bymeansofwhich→whereby
Afuseboxisadevicebymeansofwhichexcessiveloadsareavoided.
→Afuseboxisadevicewherebyexcessiveloadsareavoided.
Ageneraltermcoveringagroupofrelatedtechniqueswherebythedependenceoftheparametersofanyphysicalpropertyofasubstanceontemperatureismeasured.
(3)ofwhich→whose
Venusisaplanetofwhichthesurfacetemperatureisthoughttobeatleast200℃.
→Venusisaplanetwhosethesurfacetemperatureisthoughttobeatleast200℃.
﹡有介词from,in,for者不能简化
Laboratoriesareroomsinwhichexperimentsareconducted.
﹡有助动词的句子,不能简化
Hereisalistofexperimentswhichwillbe/shouldbe/havebeendonethisyear.(这里是今年要做的/必须做的/已做过的实验明细表。
)
[主动式从句]
例ThemanwholecturesonThursdayisanexpertindynamics.
→ThemanlecturingonThursdayisanexpertindynamics.
(简化为现在分词,作后置定语。
)
再简化
被动式
Airwhichiscompressedcanbeusedforseveralpurposes.
→Aircompressedcanbeusedforseveralpurposes.
→Compressedaircanbeusedforseveralpurposes.
主动式
Malaysiaisacountrywhichproducesrubber.
Malaysiaisacountryproducingrubber.
Malaysiaisarubber-producingcountry.
2富于变幻
比如,“称作”一词
Suchfractionsarecalledasnon-freezingwater.
Suchfractionsarereferredtoasfreezingboundwater.
Thiswaterisdesignatedasfreezingwater.
再比如,报道、阐述、主张、确认
Conflictingdatahavebeenpresentedinliteratureconcerningthecompatibilityofpoly(vinylchloride)-PVC-andpoly(methylmethacrylate)-PMMA.Thus,Schureretal[1]reportedPVC/PMMAtobemiscibleonlyinblendshavingaPVCcontentgreaterthan60℅w/w,whereasRozinskaetal[2]claimedPVC/PMMAtobeimmiscible.Ontheotherhand,Parmeretal[3]assertedPVC/PMMAtobemiscibleoverthewholerangeofcompositionshowingasingleglasstransition,Tg,inthesecondDSCheatingratetraces.MiscibilityofPVC/PMMAhasalsobeenconfirmedbyAlbertetal[4]bynon-radiativeenergytransferandNMR.
3辨析近义词
例1absorbedby,adsorbedon
adsorbedon(吸附于表面),absorbedby(吸收其中)。
如:
…adsorbedonthesurfaceofsilveriodide.(…吸附于碘化银的表面。
)
waterwasabsorbedbythesponge.(水被泡沫材料吸收。
)
例2accuracy,precision
accuracy(准确度),示值(实验值)与被测量真值(约定真值)的一致程度;precision(精密度),某一物理量多次测量值的一致性(或称数据的分散性)。
例如:
Althoughhighprecisionwasachieved,accuracywaslow.(虽然达到高精密度,但准确度低。
)
例3actually,infact
在例句“Actually,thereactionratesbyemployingsomeothermethodswereconsiderablyslower,…”中,对于科学论文来讲,这里使用infact更为合适。
与书面语言相比,actually更多用于口语。
例4adjust,calibrate
calibrate的名词形式是calibration(校准),在规定条件下为确定测量仪器或测量系统的示值与被测量相对应的已知值之间关系的一组操作。
可以用校准的结果评定测量仪器、测量系统的示值误差,或给任意标尺上的标记赋值;有时把校准的结果表示为校正因子或取校正曲线形式的一系列校正因子。
可按上述的校正对测量结果做调整(adjust)。
例如:
Theresultsofthecalibrationpermittedustoadjustthefinalresult.(校准的结果允许我们去调整最终结果。
)
例5common,general,ordinary,usual,routine
common(普通的,共同的),α-Aluminamonohydrateisacommoncomponentofmanybauxites,ofwhichtheFrenchbauxitesaretypical.(α-氧化铝单水合物是许多铝土矿的共同成分,
general(一般的),OneofthebestandmostgeneralmethodsforpreparingketonesinthearomaticseriesistheFriedel-Craftreaction.(制备芳酮类化合物一般最好的方法之一是Friedel-Craft反应。
)
ordinary(普通的,通常的),如:
Heavywaterdifferssomewhatfromordinarywaterincertainphysicalproperties.(重水在某些物理性质方面与普通的水有所不同。
)
ordinarypressure(常压),ordinarytemperature(常温)。
Usual(常规的),Undertheseconditiontheend-pointoftitrationcouldbefoundaccuratelyintheusualway.(在这种条件下,按常规的办法可以精确发现滴定终点。
)
茲以method为例:
acommonmethod普通的方法
ageneralmethod一般的方法
ausualmethod常规的方法
aconventionalmethod传统的方法
此外,routine(贯常的),如routinetest(惯常测试),是指按即定的程序开展的大量重复测试。
例6curve,thermogram
curve(曲线),thermogram(热谱)。
thermogram的一种解释是,住院病人,例行查房,体温的逐日记录。
因此,以英国学者为主的热分析名词委员会主张称热分析的记录为“曲线”,而不称“热谱”。
如DTAcurve(DTA曲线),DSCcurve(DSC曲线)。
例7derivative,differential
derivative(微商),表示某物理量P对温度T或时间t的微商,dP/dT(或dP/dt),如derivativethermogravimetry(微商热重法);differential(差,差式),如differentialscanningcalorimetry(差式扫描量热法)。
例8different,various,varying
different(不同的),various(各种的),varying(改变……的)。
例如:
Theresultsareclearlydifferent.(结果显然不同。
)
Wetriedvarious(或severaldifferent)methods.(我们试过各种方法。
)
Theeffectofvaryingtheconditionwas…(改变条件的影响是……)
例9mass,weight
mass(质量),weight(重量)。
如:
massofthesample(试样质量,或简称试样量),而不称sampleweight(试样重量)。
重量在本质上与力是相同的,即是质量与因重力而产生的加速度的乘积。
例10often,sometimes,usually
它们在表现时间的频次上是不同的,usually,often,sometimes依次为“通常”、“常常”、“有时”,频次降低。
如:
Itwasusuallyobservedthat…(通常观测……)
Itwasoftenobservedthat…(常常观测……)
Itwassometimesobservedthat…(有时观测……)
例11standardmaterial,certifiedreferencematerial
standardmaterial标准物质,certifiedreferencematerial有证参样(或称有证标准物质)。
standardmaterial用于检定仪器测量准确度的物质;certifiedreferencematerial用一种或多种技术上正确的方法,鉴定了其特性值、具有可溯源性并附有鉴定机构所发给的证书或其他文件的标准物质。
4语法修辞及其他
(1)时态、语态与人称
1)时态
•用一般过去时,陈述以往做过的事。
如:
Thesolutionheatedtoboiling.
Thespectrawererecorded.
Jonesreviewedtheliteratureandgatheredmuchofthisinformation.
Werecentlyfoundthatrelativisticef