科技英语写作表达的几个问题.docx

1、科技英语写作表达的几个问题科技英语写作表达的几个问题平山健三 英语化学论文写作方法市原 英语论文的写作方法周春晖 科技英语写作英文现刊1 简明2 富于变幻3 辨析近义词4 语法修辞及其他（1） 由which, that, where引出的从句（2） 不要在一个名词前用一串词进行修饰（3） 词序（4） 利用时态表示事件发生的先后关系（5） 介词1) 与描写实验过程有关的介词2) 由相同介词引起的相互平行的对等结构1 简明科学论文不同于文学作品，要求必须简明、清晰、准确 例 As can be seen from Fig.1, growth is rapid. Growth is rapid (F

2、ig.1). Fig.1 shows that growth is rapid.As shown in Fig.1 Fig.1 shows The molar enthalpy of decomposition was determined to be 62.38 kJ/mol by means of thee third peak area in DSC curve. The molar enthalpy of decomposition was determined to be 62.38 kJ/mol from (or by)the third peak area in DSC curv

3、e. 下述句式可以更加简洁的形式表达 常以介词或副词代替 a number of =several, some at a temperature of at at some future time later at the present time (moment) now a very limited number of few by means of by or with due to the fact that because or since during the time that while for a period of for for the reason that becau

4、se or since from the standpoint of according to greater (or higher) number of more if conditions are such that if compared with A, B was bigger B was bigger than A considerable amount of much considerable number (or proportion) many or most in a careless manner carelessly in a considerable number of

5、 cases often in a similar manner similarly in all cases always, all in any case anyhow in consequence of this fact therefore in excess of more than in few cases sometimes, rarely, seldom in many cases chemists are many chemists are in order to to in regard to in relation to in respect to in the case

6、 of in the context of 以上可使用适当的介词，例如in, for, about, with in some cases sometimes in terms of in in the case of sodium with sodium in the event that if in the near future soon in the temperature range of between and in view of the fact that since or because large number(s) of many large proportion of

7、many of great importance important of such hardness that so hard that on the basis of from, by, because on the order of about over the past few years recently, in recent years owing to the fact that since, because a small number of a few subsequent to after a sufficient number of enough with referen

8、ce to about prior to before将以It为先行词的that从句改写成简洁的形式 It is apparent that Apparently , hence, thus It appears that Apparently It is interesting to note that Interestingly It was in 1977 that In 1977 It is clear that Clearly It is our conclusion that We conclude that It is possible that It may be said t

9、hat Perhaps , Possibly, Probably It is often the case that Often It is possible that the cause is The cause may be 可去掉It,改用动词，而不用名词 It is the aim of the present investigation to provide This investigation is aimed to providing ACS 建议以如下几种方式，使文章写得更加简明：（1） 删去诸如下述短语As already statedIt has been found th

10、atIt has long been known thatIt is interesting to note thatIt is worth mentioning at this pointIt may be said thatIt was demonstrated that（2） 删去多余的词It is a procedure that is often used. This procedure is often used.There are seven steps that must be completed. Seven steps must be Completed.This is a

11、 problem that is This problem isThese results are preliminary in nature. These results are preliminary. （3） 不用短语，用单一词表达a number of many, severala small number of a feware in agreement agreeare found to be areare known to be areat present nowat the present time nowbased on the fact that becauseby mea

12、ns of bydespite the fact that althoughdue to the fact that becauseduring that time whilefewer in number fewerfor the reason that becausehas been shown to be isif it is assumed that ifin color, e.g., red in color just state the color, e.g., redin consequence of this fact therefore, consequentlyin len

13、gth longin order to toin shape, e.g., round in shape just state the shape, e.g.,roundin size, e.g., small in size just state the size, e.g., smallin spite of the fact that althoughin the case of in , forin the near future soonin view of the fact that becauseis known to be isit appears that apparentl

14、yit is clear that clearlyit is likely that likelyit is possible that possiblyit would appear that apparentlyof great importance importanton the order of aboutowing to the fact that becauseprior to beforereported in the literature reportedsubsequent to after 两种类型的复杂句及其简化 有被动式从句与主动式从句之分被动式从句 He uses a

15、n instrument which is called a spectroscope. He uses an instrument called a spectroscope.（简化为后置的过去分词） 带有 介词+which 句子的简化(1) at which whereAirport is a place at which special attention is paid to the weather. Airport is a place where special attention is paid to the weather.(2) by means of which where

16、byA fuse box is a device by means of which excessive loads are avoided. A fuse box is a device whereby excessive loads are avoided.A general term covering a group of related techniques whereby the dependence of the parameters of any physical property of a substance on temperature is measured.(3) of

17、which whoseVenus is a planet of which the surface temperature is thought to be at least 200 . Venus is a planet whose the surface temperature is thought to be at least 200 .有介词from, in, for者不能简化 Laboratories are rooms in which experiments are conducted.有助动词的句子，不能简化 Here is a list of experiments whic

18、h will be/ should be/ have been done this year.（这里是今年要做的/ 必须做的/ 已做过的实验明细表。）主动式从句例 The man who lectures on Thursday is an expert in dynamics. The man lecturing on Thursday is an expert in dynamics.（简化为现在分词，作后置定语。） 再简化 被动式Air which is compressed can be used for several purposes. Air compressed can be

19、used for several purposes. Compressed air can be used for several purposes. 主动式Malaysia is a country which produces rubber.Malaysia is a country producing rubber.Malaysia is a rubber- producing country.2 富于变幻 比如，“称作”一词 Such fractions are called as non-freezing water. Such fractions are referred to a

20、s freezing bound water. This water is designated as freezing water. 再比如，报道、阐述、主张、确认 Conflicting data have been presented in literature concerning the compatibility of poly(vinyl chloride)-PVC- and poly(methyl methacrylate)-PMMA. Thus, Schurer et al1 reported PVC/ PMMA to be miscible only in blends h

21、aving a PVC content greater than 60 w/w, whereas Rozinska et al2 claimed PVC/ PMMA to be immiscible. On the other hand, Parmer et al3 asserted PVC/PMMA to be miscible over the whole range of composition showing a single glass transition, Tg, in the second DSC heating rate traces. Miscibility of PVC/

22、PMMA has also been confirmed by Albert et al4 by non-radiative energy transfer and NMR.3 辨析近义词 例1 absorbed by, adsorbed onadsorbed on（吸附于表面），absorbed by（吸收其中）。如：adsorbed on the surface of silver iodide.（吸附于碘化银的表面。）water was absorbed by the sponge.（水被泡沫材料吸收。）例2 accuracy, precisionaccuracy（准确度），示值（实验值

23、）与被测量真值（约定真值）的一致程度；precision（精密度），某一物理量多次测量值的一致性（或称数据的分散性）。例如：Although high precision was achieved, accuracy was low.（虽然达到高精密度，但准确度低。）例3 actually, in fact在例句“Actually, the reaction rates by employing some other methods were considerably slower, ”中，对于科学论文来讲，这里使用in fact更为合适。与书面语言相比，actually更多用于口语。例4 a

24、djust, calibratecalibrate的名词形式是calibration（校准），在规定条件下为确定测量仪器或测量系统的示值与被测量相对应的已知值之间关系的一组操作。可以用校准的结果评定测量仪器、测量系统的示值误差，或给任意标尺上的标记赋值；有时把校准的结果表示为校正因子或取校正曲线形式的一系列校正因子。可按上述的校正对测量结果做调整（adjust）。例如：The results of the calibration permitted us to adjust the final result.（校准的结果允许我们去调整最终结果。）例5 common, general, ordi

25、nary, usual, routinecommon（普通的，共同的）,-Alumina monohydrate is a common component of many bauxites, of which the French bauxites are typical.（-氧化铝单水合物是许多铝土矿的共同成分，general（一般的），One of the best and most general methods for preparing ketones in the aromatic series is the Friedel-Craft reaction.（制备芳酮类化合物一般最

26、好的方法之一是Friedel-Craft反应。）ordinary（普通的，通常的），如：Heavy water differs somewhat from ordinary water in certain physical properties.（重水在某些物理性质方面与普通的水有所不同。）ordinary pressure（常压），ordinary temperature（常温）。Usual（常规的），Under these condition the end-point of titration could be found accurately in the usual way.（在这

27、种条件下，按常规的办法可以精确发现滴定终点。）茲以method为例：a common method 普通的方法a general method 一般的方法a usual method 常规的方法a conventional method 传统的方法此外，routine（贯常的），如routine test（惯常测试），是指按即定的程序开展的大量重复测试。例6 curve, thermogramcurve（曲线），thermogram（热谱）。thermogram的一种解释是，住院病人，例行查房，体温的逐日记录。因此，以英国学者为主的热分析名词委员会主张称热分析的记录为“曲线”，而不称“热谱”。

28、如DTA curve（DTA曲线），DSC curve（DSC曲线）。例7 derivative, differentialderivative（微商），表示某物理量P对温度T或时间t的微商，dP/dT (或dP/dt ), 如derivative thermogravimetry（微商热重法）；differential（差，差式），如differential scanning calorimetry（差式扫描量热法）。例8 different, various, varyingdifferent（不同的），various（各种的），varying（改变的）。例如：The results ar

29、e clearly different.（结果显然不同。）We tried various（或several different）methods.（我们试过各种方法。）The effect of varying the condition was （改变条件的影响是）例9 mass, weightmass（质量），weight（重量）。如：mass of the sample（试样质量，或简称试样量），而不称sample weight（试样重量）。重量在本质上与力是相同的，即是质量与因重力而产生的加速度的乘积。例10 often, sometimes, usually它们在表现时间的频次上是不

30、同的，usually, often, sometimes依次为“通常”、“常常”、“有时”，频次降低。如：It was usually observed that （通常观测）It was often observed that （常常观测）It was sometimes observed that （有时观测）例11 standard material, certified reference materialstandard material 标准物质，certified reference material有证参样（或称有证标准物质）。standard material用于检定仪器测量准确度的物质；certified reference material用一种或多种技术上正确的方法，鉴定了其特性值、具有可溯源性并附有鉴定机构所发给的证书或其他文件的标准物质。4 语法修辞及其他（1） 时态、语态与人称1） 时态 用一般过去时，陈述以往做过的事。如：The solution heated to boiling.The spectra were recorded.Jones reviewed the literature and gathered much of this information.We recently found that relativistic ef