离合器外文翻译Word格式.docx
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---toprovideasmoothtake-upofthedrive
(2)Gearbox---toincreasethetorqueappliedtothedrivingroadwheels
---toenabletheenginetooperatewithinagivenrangeofspeedirrespectiveofthevehiclespeed
---togivereversemotionofthevehicle
---toprovideaneutralpositionsothattheenginecanrunwithoutmovingthevehicle
(3)Finaldrive---toturnthedrivethrough90°
---toreducethespeedofthedrivebyasetamounttomatchtheenginetothevehicle
(4)Differential---toallowtheinnerdrivingroadwheeltorotateslowerthantheouterwheelwhenthevehicleiscornering,whilstitensuresthatadriveisappliedequallytobothwheels.
BClutchandClutchService
Inordertotransmitthepoweroftheenginetotheroadwheelsofacar,africtionclutchandachange-speedgearboxarenormallyemployed.Theformerisnecessaryinordertoenablethedrivetobetakenupgraduallyandsmoothly,whilethelatterprovidesdifferentratiosofspeedreductionfromtheenginetothewheels,tosuittheparticularconditionsofrunning,
Aclutchperformstwotasks:
(1)itdisengagestheenginefromthegearboxtoallowforgearchanging.
(2)itisameansforgraduallyengagingtheenginetothedrivingwheels,whenavehicleistobemovedfromresttheclutchmustengageastationarygearboxshaftwiththeengine;
thismustberotatingatahighspeedtoprovidesufficientpowerorelsetheloadwillbetoogreatandtheenginewillstart(cometotest).
CClutchAction
Tostarttheengine,thedrivermustdepresstheclutchpedal.Thisdisengagesthegearboxfromtheengine.Tomovethecar,thedrivermustreengagethegearboxtotheengine.However,theengagementofthepartsmustbegradual.Anengineatidledevelopslittlepower.Ifthetwopartswereconnectedtooquickly,theenginewouldstall.Theloadmustbeappliedgraduallytooperatethecarsmoothly.
Adriverdepressestheclutchpedaltoshiftthegearsinsidethegearbox.Afterthedriverreleasestheclutchpedal,theclutchmustactassolidcouplingdevice.Itmusttransmitallenginepowertothegearbox,withoutslipping.
Theclutchmechanismincludethreebasicparts:
drivingmember,drivenmember,operatingmembers.
●Thedrivingmember
Thedrivingmemberconsistsoftwoparts:
theflywheelandthepressureplate.Theflywheelisbolteddirectlytotheenginecrankshaftandrotateswhenthecrankshaftturns.Thepressureplateisboltedtotheflywheel.Theresultisthatbothflywheelandpressureplaterotatetogether.
●Thedrivenmember
Thedrivenmember,orclutchdisc,islocatedbetweentheflywheelandpressureplate.Thedischasasplinedhubthatlockstothesplinedinputshaftonthegearbox.Anyrotationoftheclutchdiscturnstheinputshaft.Likewise,anymotionoftheinputshaftmovestheclutchdisc.Thesplinesallowtheclutchdisctomoveforwardandbackwardontheshaftasitengagesanddisengages.
Theinnerpartoftheclutchdisc,calledthehubflange,hasanumberofsmallcoilsprings.Thesespringsarecalledtorsionalsprings.Theyletthemiddlepartoftheclutchdiscturnslightlyonthehub.Thus,thespringsabsorbthetorsionalvibrationsofthecrankshaft.Whenthespringshavecompressedcompletely,theclutchmovesbackuntilthespringsrelax.Inotherwords,theclutchabsorbstheseenginevibrations,preventingthevibrationsfromgoingthroughthedrivetrain.
●OperatingMembers
Thesearethepartsthatreleasepressurefromtheclutchdisc.Theoperatingmembersconsistoftheclutchpedal,clutchreturnspring,clutchlinkage,clutchfork,andthrowoutbearing.Theclutchlinkageincludestheclutchpedalandamechanicalorhydraulicsystemtomovetheotheroperatingmembers.
Whentheclutchpedalisdepressed,theclutchlinkageoperatestheclutchfork.Theclutchfork,orreleasefork,movesthethrowoutbearingagainstthepressureplatereleaselevers.Theseleversthencompressspringsthatnormallyholdtheclutchdisctightlyagainsttheflywheel.
Atthispoint,thetorqueoftheenginecannotturnthegearboxinputshaft.Thegearsinthegearboxmaybeshiftedorthevehiclecanbebroughttoafullstop.
Whentheclutchpedalisreleased,thepressureplateforcestheclutchdiscagainsttheflywheel.Theclutchreturnspringhelpsraisethepedal.
DClutchService
Themajorpartsoftheclutchassemblyneednomaintenanceorlubricationduringnormalservice.However,alllinkagepartsneedlubricationatpointsofcontact.Thelinkageitselfmustbeadjustedtopreventwearoftheclutchdisc.
●Free-playAdjustment
Youcanmakeonlyoneadjustmentontheclutchlinkage—thefree-playadjustment.Freeplayistheallowablespacebetweenthethrowoutbearingandthepressureplatereleaselevers.Thisspaceisimportantbecauseitpreventspressureontheleversthatcouldkeeptheclutchfromengagingfully.Inotherwords,thethrowoutbearingmustbeslightlyawayfromthepressureplateleverssothatthebearingappliesnopressureonthelevers.Ontheotherhand,theremustnotbetoomuchfreeplaybetweenthebearingandthelevers.Withtoomuchclearance,theclutchcannotfullydisengagedwhenthedriverpresstheclutchpedaltothefloor.Inmostcases,youmeasurethefreeplayattheclutchpedal,ratherthanatthebellhousing.
Thefreeplayallowssomemotionatthebeginningoftheclutchpedaltravel,beforethepedalmeetsresistance.Sincethedistancevarieswiththetypeofpressureplate,checktheservicemanual.Usually,freeplayshouldbeabout20to25mm.
Freeplaycanbeadjustedatsomepointwheretheclutchlinkageconsistsofthreadedrodswithlocknuts.Therodclosesttotheclutchforkisthemostcommonadjustmentpoint.Beginbylocatingtherodandlocknutbeneaththevehicle.Thendeterminewhichwaytoturntheadjustmentnutstogetthecorrectfreeplayatthepedal.Youcangetaroughestimateoffreeplaybymovingtheclutchforktoseeifitstillhassomemovement.Thebestwaytomaketheadjustmentistoloosenthelocknutandmovetheadjustmentnutafewturns.Thencheckthefreeplayatthepedal.Continuemakingadjustmentsuntilyouhavethecorrectfreeplay.Whenthefree-playadjustmentmeetsthemanufacturer’sspecification,tightenthelocknut.
Checkthefree-playadjustmenteverysixmonthsandmakeanyadjustment.Clutchesneedadjustmentthatoften,sincefreeplaydecreasesslightlyastheclutchdiscwears.However,theneedforfrequentadjustmentsmeansaproblemintheclutchmechanismitself.
Theremustbefreeplaybetweenthethrowoutbearingandpressureplatereleaselevers.Problemscanresultfrom“ridingtheclutch”.Adriverwhorestsonefootontheclutchpedalcausesthethrowoutbearingtorubagainsttheclutchreleaselevers.Asaresult,thethrowoutbearingbecomeswornquickly.Also,theclutchdiscmaywearoutduetoslippagebecausethepartsarenotfullyengaged.
●ClutchFaults
Thefollowingarethemainfaults:
Slip—failureofthesurfacetogripresultinginthedrivenplaterevolvingslowerthantheengineflywheel:
Clutchgetshotandemitsanodor.
Spinordrag—failureoftheplatestoseparateresultinginnoisefromthegearboxwhenselectingagear:
mostnoticeablewhenthevehicleisstationary.
Judder—avibrationwhichoccurswhentheclutchisbeingengaged,i.e.whenthevehicleisstationary.
Fierceness—suddendepartureofthevehicleeventhoughthepedalisbeingreleasedgradually.
ETheClutches(supplementarycontract)
Aclutchisafrictiondeviceusedtoconnectanddisconnectadrivingforcefromadrivenmember.Inautomotiveapplications,itisusedinconjunctionwithanengineflywheeltoprovidesmoothengagementanddisengagementoftheengineandmanualtransmission.
Sinceaninternalcombustionenginedevelopslittlepowerortorqueatlowrpm,itmustgainspeedbeforeitwillmovethevehicle.However,ifarapidlyrotatingengineissuddenlyconnectedtothedrivelineofastationaryvehicle,aviolentshockwillresult.
Sogradualapplicationofload,alongwithsomeslowingofenginespeed,isneededtoprovidereasonableandcomfortablestarts.Invehiclesequippedwithamanualtransmission,thisisaccomplishedbymeansofamechanicalclutch.
Theclutchutilizesfrictionforitsoperation.Themainpartsoftheclutchareapressureplate,andadrivendisk.Thepressureplateiscoupledwiththeflywheel,whilethedrivendiskisfittedtothediskbythespringssothatthetorqueistransmittedowingtofrictionforcesfromtheenginetotheinputshaftofthetransmission.Smoothengagementisensuredbyslippingofthediskbeforeafullpressureisapplied.
Theautomobilesareequippedwithadryspring-loadedclutch.Theclutchistermed“dry”becausethesurfacesofthepressureplateanddrivendisksaredryincontrasttooil-bathclutchesinwhichtheplateanddisksoperateinabathofoil.Itiscalled“springloaded”becausethepressureplateandthedrivendiskarealwayspressedtoeachotherbyspringsandarereleasedonlyforatimetoshiftgearsortobraketheautomobile.
Inadditiontotheplateanddisk,theclutchincludesacover,releaselevers,areleaseyoke,pressurespringsandacontrollinkage.Theclutchcoverisasteelstampingboltedtotheflywheel.Thereleaseleversaresecuredinsidethecoveronthesupportingbolts.Theouterendsofthereleaseleversarearticulatedtothepressureplate.Suchaconstructionallowsthepressureplate