《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U5Word格式.docx

《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U5Word格式.docx

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EastAsianorientation

1.processorientation—communicationisperceivedasaprocessofinfiniteinterpretation

2.differentiatedlinguisticcodes—differentlinguisticscodesareuseddependinguponpersonsinvolvedandsituations

3.indirectcommunicationemphasis—theuseofindirectcommunicationisprevalentandacceptedasnormative

4.receivercentered—meaningisintheinterpretation,Emphasisisonlistening,sensitivity,andremovalofpreconception.

NorthAmericanorientation

1.communicationisperceivedasthetransferenceofmessages

2.Lessdifferentiatedlinguisticcodes—linguisticcodesarenotasextensivelydifferentiatedasEastAsia

3.Directcommunicationemphasis—directcommunicationisnormdespitetheextensiveuseofindirectcommunication

4.sendercentered—meaningisinthemessagecreatedbythesender.Emphasisisonhowtoformulatethebestmessage,howtoimprovesourcecredibilityanddeliveryskills

2.DirectandIndirectVerbalInteractionStyles

Thetoneofvoice,thespeaker’sintention,andtheverbalcontentreflectourwayofspeaking,ourverbalstyle,whichinturnreflectsourculturalandpersonalvaluesandsentiments.

Verbalstyleframes“how”amessageshouldbeinterpreted.Thedirect-indirectverbalinteractiondimensioncanbethoughtofasstraddlingacontinuum.Individualsinallculturesusethegradationsofalltheseverbalstyles,dependingonroleidentities,interactiongoals,andsituations.However,inindividualisticcultures,peopletendtoencountermoresituationsthatemphasizethepreferentialuseofdirecttalk,person-orientedverbalinteraction,verbalself-enhancement,andtalkativeness.Incontrast,incollectivisticcultures,peopletendtoencountermoresituationsthatemphasizethepreferentialuseofindirecttalk,status-orientedverbalinteraction,verbalself-effacement,andsilence.

Thedirectandindirectstylesdifferintheextenttowhichcommunicatorsrevealtheirintentionsthroughtheirtoneofvoiceandthestraightforwardnessoftheircontentmessage.Inthedirectverbalstyle,statementsclearlyrevealthespeaker’sintentionsandareenunciatedinaforthrighttoneofvoice.Intheindirectverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,verbalstatementstendtocamouflagethespeaker’sactualintentionsandarecarriedoutwithmorenuancedtoneofvoice.Forexample,theoverall.Americanverbalstyleoftencallsforclearanddirectcommunication.

Phrasessuchas“saywhatyoumean,”“don’tbeataroundthebush,”and“gettothepoint”aresomeexamples.Thedirectverbalstyleofthelarger.cultureisreflectiveofitslow-contextcommunicationcharacter.

3.Person-OrientedandStatus-OrientedVerbalStyles

Theperson-orientedverbalstyleisindividual-centeredverbalmodethatemphasizestheimportanceofinformalityandrolesuspension.Thestatus-orientedverbalstyleisarole-centeredverbalmodethatemphasizesformalityandlargepowerdistance.Theformeremphasizestheimportanceofsymmetricalinteraction,whereasthelatterstressesasymmetricalinteraction.

Theperson-orientedverbalstyleemphasizestheimportanceofrespectingunique,personalidentitiesintheinteraction.Thestatus-orientedverbalstyleemphasizestheimportanceofhonoringprescribedpower-basedmembershipidentities.Thosewhoengageinstatus-orientedverbalinteractionusespecificvocabulariesandparalinguisticfeaturestoaccentuatethestatusdistanceoftherolerelationships.,inparent-childinteraction,superior-subordinaterelations,andmale-femaleinteractioninmanyLatinAmericancultures）.Whilelow-contextculturestendtoemphasizetheuseoftheperson-orientedverbalstyle,high-contextculturestendtovaluethestatus-orientedverbalmode.

4.Self-EnhancementandSelf-EffacementVerbalStyles

Theself-enhancementverbalstyleemphasizestheimportanceofboastingaboutone’saccomplishmentsandabilities.Theself-effacementverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,emphasizestheimportanceofhumblingoneselfviaverbalrestraints,hesitations,modesttalk,andtheuseofself-deprecationconcerningone’seffortorperformance.

Forexample,inmanyAsiancultures,self-effacementtalkisexpectedtosignalmodestyorhumility.InJapan,whenoneofferssomethingtoanotherpersonsuchasagiftoramealthatonehasprepared,verbalself-deprecationisexpected.Therearesetexpressionsforverbalhumilitysuchas“It’snotverytasty”and“It’snothingspecial.”Thehostesswhoapologizestohergueststhat“Thereisnothingspecialtoofferyou”hasprobablysentthebetterpartoftwodaysplanningandpreparingthemeal.Ofcoursetheguestshouldprotestsuchadisclaimerandreemphasizeherorhisgratitude.Self-effacementisanecessarypartofJapanesepolitenessrituals.

Inthe.culture,individualsareencouragedtosellandboastaboutthemselves,forexample,inperformancerevieworjobinterviewsessions,orelsenoonewouldnoticetheiraccomplishments.However,thenotionofmerchandizingoneselfdoesnotsetwellwiththeJapanese.InJapan,onedoesnotliketostandoutorbesingledout,evenbyothers;

itisfarworsetopromoteoneself.

InmanyAsiancultures,individualsbelievethatiftheirperformanceisgood,theirbehaviorwillbenoticed,forexample,bytheirsupervisorsduringpromotionreviewsituations.However,fromtheWesternculturalstandpoint,ifmyperformanceisgood,Ishoulddocumentorboastaboutitsothatmysupervisorwillbesuretotakenotice.Thisdifferenceisprobablyduetotheobserver-sensitivevalueoftheAsian,

high-contextcommunicationpattern,asopposedtothesender-responsiblevalueoftheWestern,low-contextinteractionpattern.

Weshouldnotethatthepatternofverbalself-effacementcannotbegeneralizedtomanyAraborAfricancultures.InEgypt,forexample,apopularsayingis“Makeyourharvestlookbig,lestyourenemiesrejoice”.Effusiveverbalself-enhancementiscriticaltotheenhancementofone’sfaceorhonorinsomelargepowerdistanceArabcultures.

ReadingI

UnderstandingtheCultureofConversation

Comprehensionquestions

1.WhatmadetheauthorfeellearningtoconverseinMexicoCitywaseasierforhim/herinoneway,moredifficultinanother

It'

seasierbecauseMexicansservicetherelationshipandtheycareabouteveryoneintheconversation.Buttheirconversationdoesn‘tmoveinastraightline,driftingaroundbothinthetopicandinthewaytheyusewords.

2.WhydidtheMexicancustomerslideintothetopicofthefulleclipseofthesun

FortheMexican,theconversationstartswithonetopic,butifanotherinterestingtopicseepsinheorshewillrideitaroundforawhile.Stickingtothefirsttopicislessimportantthanhavinganinterestingconversation.

3.WhatdidtheAmericanbusinessmanfeelabouttheMexican‟swayofconversation

FortheAmerican,aconversationshouldhaveatopic,andhewantstotakeastraightlinethroughitfrombeginningtoend.SohefeltveryimpatientabouttheMexican‘swayofconversation.

4.What“conversationalideal”wasrepresentedbytheexampleofachampionshipskierwhowasinterviewedonTV

TheSwedishconversationalidealistoresponseinaconcisemannerwithoutelaboratingspecificdetails,especiallythoseforself-promotion..

5.WhatproblemsarelikelytooccurifanAmericantalkswithaSwede

TheAmericanmayfeeltotallylostintheconversationsinceheorshewouldnotgetasmuchinformationfromtheSwedeasheorshehasexpected.

6.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenAnglosandAthabaskansinconversation

Therearealotdifferencesbetweenthem.Forinstance,atthebeginningofaconversation,Anglosalmostalwaysspeakfirst.Athabaskansthinkitisimportanttoknowwhatthesocialrelationshipisbeforetheytalkwithsomeone.Thereisanotherdifferenceinhowlongoneshouldtalk.Athabaskanstendtohavelongerturnswhentheytalkwitheachother,butAnglosexpectshorterturns.

7.IsitenoughjusttolearntospeakingrammaticallycorrectmannerswhenonelearnsaforeignlanguageWhatelsedoesheorshealsoneedtoknow

Itisfarfromenoughjusttolearntospeakingrammaticallycorrectmannerswhenonelearnsaforeignlanguage.Onealsohastoknowaboutthecultureofusingthelanguageinsociallife,thingslikewhotalksfirst,whotalksnext,whoopensand

closesconversationsandhowtheydoit,inordertobeabletousethelanguageinculturallyappropriatemanners.

8.InwhatwaysareChinesesimilartoordifferentfromtheAmericans,MexicansandSwedes

ItseemsthatweChinesearesomewhatsimilartoMexicansinthewaywearehavingaconversation.UnlikeAmericans,wedonotusuallymoveinastraightlineinaconversationandmayalsocaremuchabouttheother‘sfeeling.

ReadingII

TheWayPeopleSpeak

1.Whydidn‟ttheAmericanopenlydisagreewiththeItalian

Ingeneral,theAmericandidnotenjoyverbalconflictsoverpoliticsoranythingelse.

2.Whatarethedifferencesbetween“highinvolvement”styleand“highconsiderateness”style

Manypeoplefromculturesthatprefer―highinvolvementstylestendto:

（1）talkmore;

（2）interruptmore;

（3）expecttobeinterrupted;

（4）talkmoreloudlyattimes;

and（5）talkmorequicklythanthosefromculturesfavoring―highconsideratenessstyles.Ontheotherhand,peoplefromculturesthatfavor―highconsideratenessstylestendto:

（1）speakoneatatime;

（2）usepolitelisteningsounds;

（3）refrainfrominterrupting;

and（4）giveplentyofpositiv