文学.docx

文学.docx

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文学

VirginiaWoolf（1882~1941）

1.VirginiaWoolf’sLife

（1）Birth:

OnJanuary25,1882,VirginiaWoolfwasbornamiddle-classfamilyinLondon,namedAdelineVirginiaStephen.

（2）Father:

SirLeslieStephen（1832-1904）,editor,critic,biographer.

（3）Mother:

JuliaPrinsepJacksonDuckworth（1846-1895），camefromafamilyofrenownedbeauties.

（4）Education:

educatedbyherparentsathomelibraryat22HydeParkGate

（5）Depression:

①In1895,whenVirginiawasthirteen,hermotherJuliaStephen’ssuddendeathledtothefirstseveralnervousbreakdowns.Sheneverhadacloserelationshipwithhermother."CanIremember?

"sheonceasked,"beingalonewithherformorethanafewminutes."

②In1904,herfatherdied,whichprovokedhermostalarmingcollapseandshewasbrieflyinstitutionalised.

③ModernscholarshavesuggestedherbreakdownsanddepressiveperiodswerealsoinfluencedbythesexualabusetowhichsheandhersisterVanessaweresubjectedbytheirhalf-brothersGeorgeandGeraldDuckworth.In'SketchofthePast'（1939）shewrote:

"Icanrememberthefeelofhishandsgoingundermyclothes;goingfirmlyandsteadilylowerandlower,IrememberhowIhopedthathewouldstop;howIstiffenedandwriggledashishandapproachedmyprivateparts.Buthedidnotstop."

（6）Movinghouse:

MovedtotheBloomsburysectionofLondonandformedtheBloomsburyGroup.

TheBloomsburyGroup

TheBloomsburyGroupisagroupofwriters,intellectuals,philosophersandartistswhoheldinformaldiscussionsinBloomsburythroughoutthe20thcentury.ThisEnglishcollectiveoffriendsandrelativeslived,workedorstudiednearBloomsburyinLondonduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.Theirworkdeeplyinfluencedliterature,aesthetics,criticism,andeconomicsaswellasmodernattitudestowardsfeminism,pacifism,andsexuality.ItsbestknownmemberswereVirginiaWoolf,JohnMaynardKeynes（凯恩斯，经济学家）,E.M.ForsterandLyttonStrachey.

（7）Marriage:

In1912,eightyearsafterherfather’sdeath,whenshewas30yearsold，VirginiamarriedLeonardWoolf（1880-1969）,abrilliantwriter,criticandleft-wingpoliticaljournalistfromCambridge.Theywouldhavenochildren.

（8）Lesbianexperience:

Hadrelationshipthatlastedthroughmostofthe1920swithVitaSackville-West.

（薇塔·萨克维尔·维斯特，1892-1962,是伍尔夫《奥兰多》的真实人物原型，其代表作为《海上无路标》）

（9）Death:

On28March1941,Woolfputonherovercoat,filleditspocketswithstones,andwalkedintotheRiverOisenearherhomeanddrownedherself.Woolf'sbodywasnotfounduntil18April1941.HerhusbandburiedherremainsunderanelminthegardenofMonk'sHouse,theirhomeinRodmell,Sussex.

2.Novels

1.TheVoyageOut1915《出航》

2.NightandDay1919《夜与日》

3.Jacob’sRoom1922《雅各布的房间》

4.Mrs.Dalloway1925《达罗卫夫人》

5.TotheLighthouse1927《到灯塔去》

6.Orlando1928《奥兰多》

7.TheWaves1931《海浪》

8.TheYears1937《岁月》

9.BetweentheActs1941《幕间》

Earlystage

（conventionaltechnique）

1.TheVoyageOut（1915）《远航》

2.NightandDay（1919）《夜与日》

Middlestage

（streamofconsciousness）

3.Jacob’sRoom（1922）《雅各的房间》

4.Mrs.Dalloway（1925）《达洛维夫人》

5.TotheLighthouse（1927）《到灯塔去》

6.Orlando（1928）《奥兰多》

7.TheWaves（1931）《海浪》

Thelaterperiods

（backtoreality）

8.TheYears（1937）《岁月》

9.BetweentheActs（1941）《幕间》

Essays

•ModernFiction1919《现代小说》

•ARoomofOne'sOwn1929《自己的房间》

•TheCommonReader1925《普通读者I》

•TheSecondCommonReader1933《普通读者II》

•ThreeGuineas1938《三个畿尼》

•RogerFry:

ABiography1940《罗杰·弗莱传记》

•TheDeathoftheMothandOtherEssays1942

•《飞蛾之死及其它》

•TheMomentandOtherEssays1948

•《瞬间及其它随笔》

•MomentsofBeing1976《存在的瞬间》

3.Woolf’sLiteraryIdeasandPractice

FeministIdeas

A.TheDifferenceBetweenFemaleWorks&MaleWorks

Femaleworksaredifferentfrommaleworksinsubjects,language,style,etc.

B.TheInfluencesofPatriarchalOppressiononWomen’sLiteraryCreation

Sheanalyzedwomen’sliterarycreationintermsoftheireconomicstatus,socialexperience,education.Inapatriarchalsociety,womenhadnochancetodeveloptheirliterarycreation.

C.“Androgyny”

Femaleauthorsshouldbeunconsciousofgender.Sincetherearetwosexesintheworld,theremustbetwosexesinthemind.Theunionoftwosexesisresponsibleforcreation.

AdoptionofStream-of-ConsciousnessMethod

Shepaidattentiontothepsychologicaltime.

“Examineforamomentanordinarymindonanordinaryday.”

Streamofconsciousness

Streamofconsciousnessisapsychologicaltermindicating“thecontinuousflowofsense——perceptions,thoughts,feelings,andmemoriesinthehumanmind”oraliterarymethodofrepresentingablendingofmentalprocessesin fictional characters,usuallyinanunpunctuatedordisjointedformofinteriormonologue.

Therepresentativesareasfollowers:

•马塞尔·普鲁斯特（MarcelProust）1871—1922

•　Alarecherchedutempsperdu