英语国家概况考试复习要点Word文档格式.docx

英语国家概况考试复习要点Word文档格式.docx

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theGrampians（格兰扁山脉）

4.thelongestriver：

TheSevernRiver（塞文河）

ThemostimportantriverinBritainandthesecondlongestriver:

Thames（泰晤士河）

5.thelargestlakeinBritain：

LoughNeagh（内伊湖）（NorthernIreland）

6.BackboneofEngland：

thePennies（奔宁山脉）

Thepeople

7.ThefirstknownsettlersofBritainweretheIberians.

人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。

8.BasisofModernEnglishrace?

TheearlistpeopleknowninBritainwerenomads（游牧者）frommainlandEurope

intheOldStoneAge（旧石器时代）,followedbyNeolithic（新石器时代）Iberians

（伊比利亚人）andtheBeakerFolk（比克人）intheBronzeAge（青铜器时代）

9.thecontributionsmadebyAnglo-SaxonstotheEnglishstate?

①.established'

OldEnglish'

②.laidthefoundationsoftheEnglishstate

③.dividedthecountryintoshires

④.createdthe'

Witan'

toadvisetheKing（thebasisoftheCabinet）

10.differentinvaders?

Firstinvasion—In55BC,JuliusCaesar

Second—Caesar'

ssecondraidin54BC

Thirdandfinal—In43AD,EmperorClaudius,finalandsuccessfulRomaninvasionofBritain（recorded）

Left—In410,GermanicbarbarianattackRome,forcingRomantroopstoleaveBritain,andthusendingitsoccupationoftheisland

History

9.Whoisknownas“thefatheroftheBritishnavy”?

SirFrancisDrake

10.TheNormanConquestanditsconsequences

TheNormanConquest（1066-1071）

Fuse:

Edwardruledfor24yearsanddiedinJanuary,1066.Haroldwaschosentobeking.William,DukeofNormandy,heardthenewsofHarold’scoronation,hegotveryangryandclaimedthathehadthesolerighttobekingofEnglandbecauseEdwardhadpromisedthecrowntohimandthatHaroldhadpromisedtohelphimbecomekingofEngland.DukeWilliamledarmyandlandedonthecoast.ThetwoarmiesmetatHastings.

Consequences：

vItincreasedtheprocessoffeudalism.

vWilliamestablishedastrongmonarchyinEngland.

vHeintroducednewideasinlaws.

vItbroughtchangesinthechurch.

vTheFrenchlanguagecamealongwiththeNormans.

11.WhenwasthefeudalsystemestablishedinEngland?

（封建制度）

UnderWilliam,thefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablished.

MedievalBritain（1066-1485）

12.WhosignedGreatCharter?

KingJohn（签署大宪章）

13.GreatCharter（time,contents,nature）

Time:

MagnaCarta1215

Contents:

（内容）

A.thekingwasnottoexactpaymentsfromthefeudalvassalswithouttheirconsent;

B.thelawswerenottobemodifiedbythearbitraryactionoftheking;

C.shouldthekingattempttofreehimselffromlaw,thevassalshadtherighttoforcethekingtoobeyit,bycivilwarorbyotherwise.

Nature:

afeudaldocument

14.TheHundredYears’War

①.Time:

intermittentlyfrom1337to1453

②.Countries:

FranceandBritain

③.Factors:

partlyterritorialandpartlyeconomic

TheEnglishkingswantedtogetbackthelostlandinFrance.

TheeconomicinterestsofEnglandandFranceclashedinFlanders.

NewnationalconsciousnessofEngland

④.Fuse:

Frenchthronesuccession——EdwardIIIclaimedtheFrenchCrown.TheFrenchrefusedtorecognizetheclaim.

⑤.Threeoutstandingstagesofthewar

A.AtfirsttheEnglishwerebrilliantlysuccessful.

B.HenryVrenewedthewarin1415andhewasrecognizedtotheFrenchthronein1420.

C.AfterHenryV’sdeathin1422,theFrench,encouragedbyJoanofArc,theirnationalheroine,drovetheEnglishoutofFrance.

⑥.TwodecisivereasonsforFrenchtowin:

effectiveuseofguns&

“JoanofArc”

⑦.Significance:

ThewarwasveryexpensiveanditcosttheEnglishgreatdealofdeath,wealthandproperty,thusthefeudalrulewasweakenedinthewar.

⑧.Effectsofthewar:

Afterthiswar,therulingNormansbeganto:

A.regardEnglandastheirhome.

B.regardthemselvesasbelongingstotheEnglishnation.

C.reestablishEnglish（language）astheirofficiallanguage.

D.makeefforttotrytodeveloptheirindustry

（TheexpulsionoftheEnglishfromFranceisregardedasablessingforbothcountries;

thesuperiorsizeandwealthofFrancewouldhavehinderedthedevelopmentofseparateEnglishnationalidentity,whileFrenchnationalidentitywashinderedsolongasaforeignpoweroccupiedsomuchFrenchterritory.）

15.TheWarofRoses（1455--1485）

①.Rivalgroups：

theHouseofLancaster&

theHouseofYork

②.Thenameofthewar：

TheLancastriansworethebadgeoftheredroseandtheYorkistsworethebadgeofthewhiterose,sothewargotsuchaname.

③.Natureofthewar：

feudalcivilwar,forpowerandwealth,forthepossessionoftheCrown

④.Reason：

IntheHundredYears’War,thelosswasgreat.Sothewar-likenobleswantedtorecoupfortheloss,thustheyallwantedtogetpower.TheEnglishnoblesbegantobedividedandbegantosupportdifferentgroups,insuchasituation,thewarbrokeout.Atthattime,theHouseofLancasterwasinpowerandHenryVI（1422-1461）wasthekingandtheHouseofYorkwantedtodisplacetheHouseofLancaster.

⑤.Result:

TheYorkistgotcompletevictory,HouseofYork约克王朝（1461-1485）butathirdHouse,theHouseofTudorgotthepower.HenryVIIbecametheking.SoanewimportantDynastybeganinEnglishhistory.

⑥.Consequence：

HenryTudorwon（descendantofDukeofLancaster）

AlthoughtheWarsoftheRoseswerewagedintermittentlyfor30years,ordinarypeoplewerelittleaffected.Fromthesewarsfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow.Thegreatmedievalnobilitywasmuchweakenedanddiscredited.Theking’spowernowbecamesupreme.Thiswarshookoffmuchofthefeudalburden,soitpavedwayforthedevelopmentofcapitalism.

16.TheEnglishReformation

①.Reasons

A.ThechurchoftheMiddleAgeshadnotbeenonlyareligiousbody,butalsoapoliticalandlegalpoweraswell.ThegreedandlazinessofthechurchhinderedthesocialandpoliticalprogressofEngland.

B.HenryVIIIhadtroubleinhisdivorce.HerealizedthatforeigninterferenceinEnglandmustbestopped.

②.Course

A.Byaspecialactbyparliament,HenrydivorcedandbrokewiththePope.

B.In1534,ActofSupremacy:

HenrybecametheheadoftheEnglishChurch.

③.Effects

A.EnglishChurchbecameindependentofRome.TheRomanCatholicchurchwasinternational,theEnglishChurchwasstrictlynational.

B.Thenewlandlordsformedanewclass---anewnobility.

C.ThosewhowanttochangeanypartofthefaithwerecalledProtestants.

D.Henry’strustinParliamentallowedtheHouseofCommonstodeveloprapidly.

④.Nature

ThestrugglebetweentheEnglishChurch&

Catholicismwasessentiallyastrugglebetweenthenew“nobility”ofmoney&

bourgeoisieontheonehandandtheremnantsoffeudalismontheother.

⑤.Peopleinvolved

A.EdwardVI（1547-1553）:

kingafterHenryⅧ’sdeath

B.“Bloody”Mary（1553-1558）:

daughterofCatherine,reestablishedCatholicismandburntthreehundredProtestants.

C.ElizabethI（1558-1603）:

QueenafterMary,restoredAnglicanChurch.

17.RenassainceinEnglandislargelyliterary.Importantrepersentatives?

DistinguishedRepresentatives：

A.SirThomasMore,thegreatestEnglishhumanist,“Utopia”

B.WilliamShakespeare（1564-1616）greatestdramatist,37comedies,tragediesandhistories

C.poetry----Spenser,Sidney,Shakespeare&

Donne

D.JohnMilton’sParadiseLost,1667

E.Englishmaterialism---FrancisBacon（1561-1626）alsoastatesman&

anessayist

18.CivilWar（1642-1649）（内战）

①.Backgroundofthewar（战争的背景）

TheabsolutistruleofCharlesIarousedtheresistanceofthepeopleandthebourgeoisie,Charlestookcounteraction,thewarbrokeout.

②.Groupsofthewar

A.Roundheads--supportersofParliament

freefarmers;

tradesmen;

craftsmen

B.Cavaliers/Royalists--King’ssupporters

Catholics;

feudallord<

West&

NorthofEngland>

③.Consequence

1649,Charles’armywasdefeated,hewasbeheaded;

inMay1649,EnglandwasdeclaredaCommonwealth（共和政府时期）.

In1653,CromwellwasmadeLordProtector（护国公）forlifeandstartedhismilitarydictatorshipopenly.TheCommonwealthbecametheProtectorate（摄政时期）andParliamentwasdissolved.Hebecamea“king”inallbutname.

19.TheGloriousRevolutionof1688（1688年的光荣革命）

Afterthreeyears’struggle,theWhigandToryleadersatlastunitedagainstJamesII.Beingafraidofanotherrevolution,theleadersofthetwopartiesplannedacoupDetat.InJune1688,theleadersofParliamentinvitedWilliamofHollandtocomeandtakethethrone.WilliamlandedwitharmyandhewassowelcomedthatJamesIIranawaytoFrance.WilliamandMarywerethencrownedasjointrulers.ThiswasknowninhistoryasTheGloriousRevolution.

20.WhigsandTories（辉格党和保守党）

TheRoundheads—TheWhigs—TheLiberalParty

TheCavaliers—TheTories—TheConservativeParty

21.TheIndustrialRevolution（1780-1830）（工业革命）

①.Definition（定义）

Duringthelatterhalfoftheeighteenthcentury,arapidseriesofextensivechangesbegan,especiallyinthefieldofmanufacturing.Thereweresomanynewinventionsthatthewholeseriesofchangesisoftendescribedasthe“IndustrialRevolution”.

②.Inventions（发明）

A.In1750sironsmeltingwasrevolutionized.

B.In1769,thesteamenginewascreatedbyJamesWatt.

C.In1785,thepowerloomtheapplicationofpowertomachinery

D.Theuseofironandcoal

E.In1764,theSpinnin