英语国家概况考试复习要点Word文档格式.docx

1、the Grampians（格兰扁山脉）4. the longest river：The Severn River （塞文河） The most important river in Britain and the second longest river: Thames（泰晤士河）5. the largest lake in Britain：Lough Neagh（内伊湖） （ Northern Ireland）6. Backbone of England：the Pennies（奔宁山脉）The people7.The first known settlers of Britain wer

2、e the Iberians. 人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。8.Basis of Modern English race? The earlist people known in Britain were nomads（游牧者）from mainland Europe in the Old Stone Age（旧石器时代）,followed by Neolithic（新石器时代） Iberians （伊比利亚人） and the Beaker Folk（比克人）in the Bronze Age（青铜器时代）9.the contributions made by Anglo-Saxon

3、s to the English state? .established Old English .laid the foundations of the English state . divided the country into shires . created the Witan to advise the King（the basis of the Cabinet）10.different invaders? First invasionIn 55 BC, Julius Caesar SecondCaesars second raid in 54 BC Third and fina

4、lIn 43 AD, Emperor Claudius, final and successful Roman invasion of Britain （recorded） LeftIn 410, Germanic barbarian attack Rome, forcing Roman troops to leave Britain, and thus ending its occupation of the islandHistory9. Who is known as “ the father of the British navy” ? Sir Francis Drake10. The

5、 Norman Conquest and its consequences The Norman Conquest （1066-1071） Fuse: Edward ruled for 24 years and died in January, 1066. Harold was chosen to be king. William, Duke of Normandy, heard the news of Harolds coronation, he got very angry and claimed that he had the sole right to be king of Engla

6、nd because Edward had promised the crown to him and that Harold had promised to help him become king of England. Duke William led army and landed on the coast. The two armies met at Hastings.Consequences：v It increased the process of feudalism.v William established a strong monarchy in England.v He

7、introduced new ideas in laws.v It brought changes in the church.v The French language came along with the Normans.11. When was the feudal system established in England?（封建制度） Under William, the feudal system was completely established. Medieval Britain （1066-1485）12. Who signed Great Charter? King J

8、ohn （签署大宪章）13. Great Charter （time, contents, nature） Time: Magna Carta 1215 Contents:（内容）A. the king was not to exact payments from the feudal vassals without their consent;B. the laws were not to be modified by the arbitrary action of the king;C. should the king attempt to free himself from law, t

9、he vassals had the right to force the king to obey it, by civil war or by otherwise.Nature: a feudal document14. The Hundred Years War. Time: intermittently from 1337 to 1453. Countries: France and Britain. Factors: partly territorial and partly economic The English kings wanted to get back the lost

10、 land in France. The economic interests of England and France clashed in Flanders.New national consciousness of England. Fuse: French throne successionEdward III claimed the French Crown. The French refused to recognize the claim.Three outstanding stages of the warA. At first the English were brilli

11、antly successful.B. Henry V renewed the war in 1415 and he was recognized to the French throne in 1420.C. After Henry Vs death in 1422, the French, encouraged by Joan of Arc, their national heroine, drove the English out of France. Two decisive reasons for French to win:effective use of guns &“Joan

12、of Arc” .Significance:The war was very expensive and it cost the English great deal of death, wealth and property, thus the feudal rule was weakened in the war. .Effects of the war:After this war, the ruling Normans began to:A. regard England as their home.B. regard themselves as belongings to the E

13、nglish nation.C. reestablish English （language） as their official language.D. make effort to try to develop their industry（The expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of separate Eng

14、lish national identity, while French national identity was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.）15. The War of Roses （1455-1485）. Rival groups：the House of Lancaster & the House of York . The name of the war：The Lancastrians wore the badge of the red rose and the Yo

15、rkists wore the badge of the white rose, so the war got such a name. Nature of the war：feudal civil war, for power and wealth, for the possession of the Crown.Reason：In the Hundred Years War, the loss was great. So the war-like nobles wanted to recoup for the loss, thus they all wanted to get power.

16、 The English nobles began to be divided and began to support different groups, in such a situation, the war broke out. At that time, the House of Lancaster was in power and Henry VI（1422-1461） was the king and the House of York wanted to displace the House of Lancaster. .Result:The Yorkist got compl

17、ete victory, House of York 约克王朝（1461-1485） but a third House, the House of Tudor got the power. Henry VII became the king. So a new important Dynasty began in English history. Consequence：Henry Tudor won （descendant of Duke of Lancaster）Although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for 30

18、 years, ordinary people were little affected. From these wars feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The kings power now became supreme. This war shook off much of the feudal burden, so it paved way for the development of capitalism.16. The

19、English Reformation. ReasonsA. The church of the Middle Ages had not been only a religious body, but also a political and legal power as well. The greed and laziness of the church hindered the social and political progress of England.B. Henry VIII had trouble in his divorce. He realized that foreign

20、 interference in England must be stopped. Course A. By a special act by parliament , Henry divorced and broke with the Pope.B. In 1534, Act of Supremacy: Henry became the head of the English Church.EffectsA. English Church became independent of Rome. The Roman Catholic church was international, the

21、English Church was strictly national. B. The new landlords formed a new class- a new nobility. C. Those who want to change any part of the faith were called Protestants.D. Henrys trust in Parliament allowed the House of Commons to develop rapidly. .NatureThe struggle between the English Church & Cat

22、holicism was essentially a struggle between the new “nobility” of money & bourgeoisie on the one hand and the remnants of feudalism on the other.People involved A. Edward VI（1547-1553）: king after Henry s deathB. “Bloody” Mary（1553-1558）:daughter of Catherine, reestablished Catholicism and burnt thr

23、ee hundred Protestants.C. Elizabeth I （1558-1603）: Queen after Mary, restored Anglican Church.17. Renassaince in England is largely literary. Important repersentatives?Distinguished Representatives：A. Sir Thomas More, the greatest English humanist, “Utopia”B.William Shakespeare（1564-1616）greatest dr

24、amatist , 37 comedies, tragedies and historiesC. poetry-Spenser, Sidney, Shakespeare & DonneD. John Miltons Paradise Lost, 1667E. English materialism-Francis Bacon（1561-1626）also a statesman& an essayist18. Civil War （1642-1649）（内战）.Background of the war（战争的背景）The absolutist rule of Charles I arouse

25、d the resistance of the people and the bourgeoisie, Charles took counteraction, the war broke out. Groups of the war A. Roundheads-supporters of Parliament free farmers; tradesmen; craftsmen B. Cavaliers/Royalists-Kings supporters Catholics; feudal lord .Consequence1649, Charles army was defeated, h

26、e was beheaded; in May 1649, England was declared a Commonwealth（共和政府时期）.In 1653, Cromwell was made Lord Protector（护国公） for life and started his military dictatorship openly. The Commonwealth became the Protectorate（摄政时期） and Parliament was dissolved. He became a“king”in all but name.19. The Gloriou

27、s Revolution of 1688（1688年的光荣革命）After three years struggle, the Whig and Tory leaders at last united against James II. Being afraid of another revolution, the leaders of the two parties planned a coup Detat. In June 1688, the leaders of Parliament invited William of Holland to come and take the thro

28、ne. William landed with army and he was so welcomed that James II ran away to France. William and Mary were then crowned as joint rulers. This was known in history as The Glorious Revolution.20. Whigs and Tories（辉格党和保守党）The RoundheadsThe WhigsThe Liberal PartyThe CavaliersThe ToriesThe Conservative

29、Party21. The Industrial Revolution （1780-1830）（工业革命）.Definition （定义） During the latter half of the eighteenth century, a rapid series of extensive changes began, especially in the field of manufacturing. There were so many new inventions that the whole series of changes is often described as the “Industrial Revolution”. Inventions（发明）A. In 1750s iron smelting was revolutionized.B. In 1769, the steam engine was created by James Watt.C. In 1785, the power loom the application of power to machineryD. The use of iron and coalE. In 1764, the Spinnin