自考《英语词汇学》Word格式.docx

自考《英语词汇学》Word格式.docx

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4.Vocabulary——Vocabularyismostcommonlyusedtorefertothesumtotalofallthewordsofalanguage.Itcanalsorefertoallthewordsofagivendialect，agivenbook，agivensubjectandallthewordspossessedbyanindividualpersonaswellasallthewordscurrentinaparticularperiodoftimeinhistory.ThegeneralestimateofthepresentdayEnglishvocabularyisover1millionwords.

5.ClassificationofWords—byusefrequency，bynotion，byorigin

1）.Basicwordstock–thefoundationofthevocabulary.

1.allnationalcharacter（mostimportant）**naturalphenomenamostcommonthingsandphenomenaofthehumanbodyandrelations**worldaroundusnamesofplantsandanimals**action，size，domain，state**numerals，pronouns，prep.，conj.

②stability–theydonatethecommonestthingnecessarytolife，theyareliketoremainunchanged.Onlyrelative，someareundergoingsomechanges.Butthechangeisslow.e.g.arrow，bow，chariot，knight–pastelectricity，machine，car，plane——now

③productivity–theyaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords，theycanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes.e.g.foot–football，footage，footpath，footer

④polysemy–oftenpossessmorethanonemeaning.Becomepolysemous.e.g.taketomoveorcarryfromoneplacetoanothertoremove

⑤collocability–quiteanumberofsetexpressions，idiomaticusages，proverbialsayingandotherse.g.heart–achangeofheart，aheartofgold

Non-basicvocabulary——

①terminology–technicalterms.photoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus

②jargon–specializedvocabularyincertainprofessions.Bottomline，ballparkfigures，bargainingchips，holdhimback，holdhimin，paranoid

③slang——substandardwordsoftenusedininformaloccasions.doughandbread，grassandpot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，Certainwordsarelabeledslangbecauseoftheirusage.

④argot–wordsusedbysub-culturedgroupscan-opener，dip，persuader，cant，jargon，argotareassociatedwith，ormostavailableto，specificgroupsofthepopulation.

⑤dialectalwords–onlybyspeakersofthedialect.beauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog

⑥archaisms–wordsnolongerincommonuseorrestrictedinuse.Inolderpoems，legaldocumentandreligiouswritingorspeech.

⑦neologism–newlycreatedwordswithnewmeaninge.g.microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mail

oldmeaningacquirednewmeaninge.g.mouse，monitor

2）.Contentword（notionalword）–denoteclearnotions.

Functionalword（emptyword，formword）–donothavenotionsoftheirown，expresstherelationbetweennotions，wordsandsentences.a.ContentwordsconstitutethemainbodyoftheEnglishvocabularyarenumerous.Functionalwordsareinasmallnumber.b.Contentwordsaregrowing.,Functionalwordsremainstable.

c.Functionalwordsdofarmoreworkofexpressionthancontentwords.

3）.Nativewords–arewordsbroughttoBritaininthe15centurybytheGermantribes.Ango-SaxonWords，50，000-60，000Whatistrueofthebasicwordstockisalsotrueofnativeworld.Moreare①neutralinstyle（notstylisticalspecific）②2.frequentinuse（inacademicfieldsandscienceFrench，LatinorGreekareused）（usage70-90%）

Borrowedwords（loanwords，borrowing）–wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguage.80%

Accordingtothedegreeofassimilationandmannerofborrowing，wecanbringtheloanwordsunder4classes.

①Denizens–wordsborrowedearlyandnowarewellassimilatedintoEnglishlanguage.

e.g.portfromportus（L）shift，change，shirt，pork,cupfromcuppa（L）

②Aliens–retainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling

e.g.dé

cor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，statusquo

③translationloans–formedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.

▲Wordtranslatedaccordingtothemeaninge.g.mothertoughfromlinguamaternal（L）

blackhumorfromhumornoir,longtimenosee，surplusvalue，masterpiece

▲Wordstranslatedaccordingtothesounde.g.kulakfromkyrak（Russ）,lamafromlama（Tib）,ketchup,tea

4.Semanticloans–theirmeaningareborrowedfromanotherlanguagee.g.stupidolddumpnewsassy,dreamoldjoyandpeace,pioneeroldexplorer/persondoingpioneeringwork,newamemberoftheyoungpioneer,fresholdimpertinent，sassy，cheeky,

第二章Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily（Europe，theNearEast，India）东Balto–Slavic（Prussian,Lithuanian,Polish,Bulgarian,Slovenian,Russian,Czech）Indo-Iranian（Persian,Hindi,Romany,Bengali,Sanskrit）Albanian,Armenian.

西Italic（Portuguese,Spanish,ItalianRoumanian,French）Germanic（Norwegian,Icelandie,Danish,Swedish,German,English,Dutch,Flemish）Celtic（Irish,Breton，Scottish,Welsh）Hellenic（Greek）

2.History（时间，历史事件，特征）

1）OldEnglish（450-1150）totally50，000-60，000words.The1stpeopleknowntoinhabitEnglandwereCelts，thelanguagewasCeltic..ThesecondlanguagewastheLatinoftheRomanLegions..TheGermanictribescalledangles，SaxonsandJutesandtheirlanguage，Anglo-SaxondominatedandblottedouttheCeltic.NowpeoplerefertoAnglo-SaxonasoldEnglish..Attheendof6thcentury，theintroductionofChristianityhasagreatimpactontheEnglishvocabulary.Thecommonpracticewastocreatenewwordsbycombiningtwonativewords.Inthe9thcentury，manyScandinavianwordscameintoEnglish.Atleast900wordsofScandinavianareinmodernEnglish，ourdailylifeandspeech.

特点：

highlyinflectedlanguagecomplexendingsorvowelchanges（fullending）

2）MiddleEnglish（1150-1500）English，Latin，French

Until1066，althoughtherewereborrowingsfromLatin，theinfluenceonEnglishwasmainlyGermanic.ButtheNormanConqueststartedacontinualflowofFrenchwordsintoEnglish..Bytheendofthe13thcentury，Englishgraduallycomebackintopublicareas.Between1250and150about9000wordsofFrenchorigincomeintoEnglish.75%ofthemaretillinusetoday.Asmanyas2500wordsofDutchorigincomeintoEnglish.

fewerinflectionsleveledending

3）ModernEnglish（1500-uptonow）earlymodernEnglish（1500-1700）latemodernEnglish（1700-uptonow）

TheRenaissance，LatinandGreekwererecognizedasthelanguagesoftheWesternworld’sgreatliteraryheritage.

TheIndustrialRevolutionwasinthemid-17century.Withthegrowthofcolonization，Britishtentaclesbeganastretchingoutoftoeverycorneroftheglobe，thusenablingEnglishtoabsorbwordsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworld.AfterWorldWarII，manynewwordshavebeencreatedtoexpressnewideas，inventionsandscientificachievements.Morewordsarecreatedbymeansofword-formation.thousandsandthousandsofnewwordshavebeenenteredtoexpressnewideasinventions，andscientificachievements.,morewordsarecreatedbymeansofword-formation.,inmodernEnglish，wordendingsweremostlylostwithjustafewexceptionsEnglishhasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetothepresentanalyticlanguage.scienceandtechnologytermsmakeupabout45%ofnewwords.Words,associatedwithlife-styleconstituteof24%andsocialandeconomictermsamounttoover10%.mentionshouldbemadeofanoppositeprocessofdevelopmenti.e.oldwordsfallingoutifuse.

endingarealmostlost.

3.Threemainsourcesnewwords1.）Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology2.）Social，economicandpoliticalchanges3）Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages

4.Threemodesofvocabularydevelopment

1.）Creation–theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexisting

materials，namelyroots，affixesandotherelements.（Thisisthemostimportantwayofvocabularyexpansion.）

2.）Semanticchange-anoldformwhichtakeonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.

3.）Borrowing–totakeinwordsfromotherlanguages.（particularlyinearliertime）

4.）（Revivingarchaicorobsolete）French30%，Latin8%，JapaneseItalian7%，Spanish6%，German

Greek5%，RussianYiddish4%

第三章

1.Morpheme——Amorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitofalanguage.（Thesmallestfunctionalunitinthecompositionofwords.）

2.Morph.Amorphememustberealizedbydiscreteunits.Theseactualspokenminimalcarriersofmeaningaremorphs.

3.Monomorphenicwords–morphemesarerealizedbysinglemorphs.

4.Allomorph——Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirposition.Suchalternativemorphsareallomorphemes.E.g.themorphemeofplurality（-s）hasanumberifallomorphemesindifferentsoundcontext，e.g.incats/s/，inbags/z/，inmatches/iz/.

5.FreemorphemesorFreeroot——Themorphemeshavecompletemeaningandvanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences，e.g.cat，walk.Theyareidenticalwithrootwords.morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesareconsideredtobefree.

6.BoundMorphemes——Themorphemescannotoccurasseparatewords.Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwords，e.g.recollection（re+co