自考真题英语词汇学.docx

自考真题英语词汇学.docx

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自考真题英语词汇学

PartIIReadingComprehension（35minutes）

Directions:

Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA.,B.,C.andD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowthat,whoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowon,highunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely.

Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefuturework.Shouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenorm?

Shouldwenotratherencouragemanywaysforself—respectingpeopletowork?

Shouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselves,ratherthanforanemployer?

Shouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighborhood,aswellasthefactoryandtheoffice,ascentersofproductionandwork?

Theindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople'sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanend,andsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadauntingthought.But,infact,itcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureforwork.Universalemployment,asitshistoryshows,hasnotmeanteconomicfreedom.

Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseoftheland,andthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople'shomes.Later,astransportimproved,firstbyrailandthenbyroad,peoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntil,eventually,manypeople'sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylive.

Meanwhile,employmentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtimes,menandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemployment,leavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamiliestohiswife.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtoday,andrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes.

Itwasnotonlywomenwhoseworkstatussuffered.Asemploymentbecamethedominantformofwork,youngpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcluded—aproblemnow,asmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives.

Allthismaynowhavetochange.

Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheidealistgoalofcreatingjobsforall,totheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull—timejobs.

21.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.Employmentbecamewidespreadinthe17thand18thcenturies.

B.Unemploymentwillremainamajorproblemforindustrializednations.

C.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanend.

D.Someeffortsandresourcesshouldbedevotedtohelpingmorepeoplecopewiththeproblemofunemployment.

22.WhichofthefollowingwasNOTmentionedasafactorcontributingtothespreadofemployment?

A.theenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturies

B.thedevelopmentoffactories

C.relieffromhouseworkonthepartofwomen

D.developmentofmodernmeansoftransportation

23.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat____.

A.Mostpeoplewhohavebeenpolledbelievethattheproblemofunemploymentmaynotbesolvedwithinashortperiodoftime.

B.Manyfarmerslosttheirlandwhennewrailwaysandfactorieswerebeingconstructed.

C.Inpre-industrialsocietieshouseworkandcommunityserviceweremainlycarriedoutbywomen.

D.Someofthechangesinworkpatternsthattheindustrialagebroughthavebeenreversed.

24.Whatdoestheword“daunting”inthethirdparagraphmean?

A.shockingB.interestingC.confusingD.stimulating

25.WhichofthefollowingisNOTsuggestedasapossiblemeanstocopewiththecurrentsituation?

A.createsituationsinwhichpeopleworkforthemselves

B.treatemploymentasthenorm

C.endeavortorevivethehouseholdandtheneighborhoodascentersofproduction

D.encouragepeopletoworkincircumstancesotherthannormalworkingconditions

Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Acidrainisaveryseriousairandwaterpollutionproblem.Manypeoplefeelthatitisthemostseriouspollutionproblemthatwenowface.ScientistssaythatplantandanimallifeinthousandsoflakesintheUnitedStatesandCanadahasalreadybeendestroyedbyacidrain.

Acidrainformsintheupperatmosphere.There,sulfurdioxideandnitrogenoxidesmixwithwatervapor.Theymixwithwatervaportoformsulfuricacidandnitricacid.Whenthevaporcondensesandrainfalls,theacidsfallwithit.Everytimeacidrainfallsinalake,thelevelofacidinthelakerises.Overtime,itcanrisetothepointatwhichplantsandinsectscannotsurvive.Withoutplants,whichsupplyoxygen,andinsects,whichsupplyfood,fishdie.Thelakebecomesadeadlake.

Theproblemofacidrainhasgreatlyincreasedinthelastfewyears.Mostoftheblameforacidrainhasbeenplacedonindustries.However,somepeoplefeelthatineffectiveairpollutionlawsarealsotoblamefortheacidrainproblem.

Afewyearsago,manycitiesandstatespassedlocalairpollutionlaws.Thelawswerewrittentoimprovetheairqualityinthecitiesandstates.However,thelawsusuallydidn'tsayanythingabouttheamountofpollutionthatanindustrycouldpumpintotheair.Industriesfoundawaytomeetthenewpollutionlawswithoutreducingtheamountofpollutiontheyreleased.Theymetthenewstandardsbybuildingtallersmokestacks.

Withthetallersmokestacks,airpollutantswerereleasedhigherupintotheatmosphere.Thewindcarriedthemfarawayfromthepollutingfactory.Tothepeoplenearthefactory,theairseemedcleaner.However,thepollutionthattheyoncegotwasnowcomingdownhundredsofmilesawayintheformofacidrain.

26.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutacidrain?

A.Itisacknowledgedbyscientiststobethemostseriouspollutionproblemthathumanbeingsnowface.

B.Manyendangeredspeciesareonthevergeofextinctionbecauseofacidrain.

C.Acidrainiscomposedofsulfurdioxideandnitrogenoxidesmixedwithwatervaporfoundintheupperatmosphere.

D.AcidrainismostlyfoundintheUnitedStatesandCanada.

27.WhydolakesintheUnitedStatesandCanadabecomedeadlakes?

A.Fishinthelakesdiebecauseacidraindeprivesthemofoxygen.

B.Fishinthelakesdiefromtakinginpoisonoussubstancesreleasedfromtheacids.

C.Fishinthelakesdiefromdirectcontactwithaccumulatedacidinthewater.

D.Airpollutantsaredissolvedinthewaterandthuskillthefish.

28.Whydidn'tthestateandlocalairpollutionlawsachievetheendofreducingpollution?

A.Industriestendtodisregardthelawsbecausetheydon'twanttospendextramoneyontheprocessingofindustrialwastes.

B.Althoughmeasuresaretakentosendindustrialpollutantshigheruptheatmospheretheamountofindustrialpollutantsremainsthesame.

C.Thesmokestacksbuilttoreleasepollutantsarenottallenough.

D.Onlyasmallnumberofindustriesareequippedtoliveuptothenewstandardsoftheairpollutionlaws.

29.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

A.AirpollutionlawsintheUnitedStatesandinCanadatypicallydon'tspecifytheamountofpollutantsreleasedbyindustries.

B.Theneighboringareasofafactoryreceivelesspollutionthandistantareas.

C.Thenumberofoccurrencesofacidrainoverthelastfewyearshasbeenontherise.

D.Itisgenerallybelievedthatineffectiveairpollutionlawsratherthanindustriesaretoblameforacidrain.

30.Whichisthebesttitleforthepassage?

A.AcidRain:

AEnvironmentalDisaster

B.WhoIsToBlame?

C.FormationofAcidRain

D.NewStateandLocalAirPollutionLaws   

Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

AfewyearsagoaloneAmericancampaignerwroteabookinwhichhesetoutthemainpointsofhisfascinatingcrusade—toabolishtelevision.Hismanifesto（宣言、声明）FourArgumentsfortheEliminationofTelevisionisanAmericanCultbestseller,andaftereighteditionsisstillgeneratingconcernandsavagedebateintheUnitedStates.

JerryMander,aformeradvertisingexpert，isconvincedthatforthesakeofourfreedom,andmentalandphysicalhealth,weshouldlearntolivewithoutTelevision.ThroughhisadvertisingbackgroundManderisawareofhowmuchoftelevisionisconcernedwithadvertising.Heseestheplantingofvaluesforprofitasadeep,profoundanddisturbingactbythefewagainstmany,foratrivialpurpose.And,evenwithoutcommercials,heseesTVasdisturbingbecauseitcramspeople'sheadswithimageswhichalterthewaytheyfeelandbehave.Picturesformedby300,000tinydancingdotsaltering30timespersecond,bombardtheireyesaspeoplescantheimages10timesasecond.But,arguesMander,evenifyourejectordoubtwhatyouseeconsciously,itistoolate,thecrucialmessageshavegonehome.

HefurtherarguesthatTVisadeadeningexperienceasitisrestrictedtojusttwosenses—sightandsound.Perceptionisdulledandflattened,saysMander,whenyoucan'tfeelandsmell