自考英语词汇学教案.docx

自考英语词汇学教案.docx

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自考英语词汇学教案

自考英语词汇学

Introduction部分：

Lexicology这门课是哪一种学科的分支?

lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics.

Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:

1）Morphology2）Semantics3）Stylistics4）Etymology5）Lexicography

研究lexicology的两大方法:

1）Diachronicapproach:

历时语言学2）Synchronicapproach:

共时语言学，wife；纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman

词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？

Woman的词义的变化算Narrowingorspecialization

第一章

Whatisword?

词具有哪些特点？

词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。

1）Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguage;2）Asoundunityoragivensound;3）aunitofmeaning;4）aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释

词的分类（classificationofaword）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？

或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？

1）simplewords2）complexwords单音节词例子：

e.g.Manandfinearesimple多音节词例子：

e.g.Management,misfortune,blackmailmanagement可以次划分为manage和–mentmisfortune可以次划分为mis-和fortuneblackmail次划分为black和mail

Whatistherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning?

1）Thereis‘nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandactualthing.e.g.dog.cat2）Therelationshipbetweenthemisconventional.3）Indifferentlanguagesthesameconceptcanberepresentedbydifferentsounds.

Whatisrelationshipbetweensoundandform?

1）Thewrittenformofanaturallanguageisthewrittenrecordoftheoralform.Naturallythewrittenformshouldagreewiththeoralform,suchasEnglishlanguage.2）ThisisfairlytrueofEnglishinitsearlieststagei.e.OldEnglish3）Withthedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferencesoccurbetweenthetwo.

Whatarethegreatchangesthatcausesillogicalrelationshiporirregularitybetweensoundandform?

1）TheinternalreasonforthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguagesothatsomelettersmustdodoubledutyorworktogetherincombination.2）Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears,andinsomecasesthetwohavedrawnfarapart.3）Athirdreasonisthatsomeofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.4）Finallycomestheborrowing,whichisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary.

要记住以上四句话中的关键词：

1）influencedbyRomans2）Pronunciationchanged3）earlyscribes4）borrowing

你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？

e.g.stimulus（L）,fiesta（Sp）,eureka（Gr）,kimono（Jap）外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘soundandform’不一致。

Whatisvocabulary?

Vocabularyreferstothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.Vocabularyalsoreferstoallthewordsofagivendialect,givenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.

ClassificationofWords（本课重点）

Whatistheclassificationofwords?

Howtoclassifywordsinlinguistics?

Threecriteria:

1）Byuseoffrequency2）Bynotion3）Byorigin

Byuseoffrequency可划分为：

1）Thebasicwordstock2）Nonbasicwordvocabulary

Bynotion可划分为：

1）Contentword2）FunctionalwordContentwordsarealsoknownasnotionalwords.（Contentwords的别称）Functionalwordsarealsoknownasemptywords,orformwords.（Functionalwords的别称）Functionalwordspossessesacharacteristicofbasicwordstock,i.e.stabilityAccordingtoStuartRobertson,etal（1957）,*（年年考试必考）theninefunctionalwords,namely,and,be,have,it,of,the,to,will,you

Whatarethecharacteristicsofbasicwordstock?

1）Allnationalcharacter2）Stability3）Productivity4）Polysemy5）Collocability要把握住‘Allnationalcharacter’词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通词稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？

e.g.man,woman,fire,water…e.g.machine,video,telephone…e.g.bow,chariot,knightStabilityisrelative,notabsolute.

根据词的usefrequency划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作Nonebasicvocabulary,非基本词有几大特点？

或者是几大分类？

1）Terminologye.g.sonata,algebra2）Jargone.g.Bottomline（Jargon）3）Slange.g.smoky,bear（Slang）4）Argote.g.persuader5）Dialectalwordse.g.station（AusE=ranch）bluid（ScotE=blood）6）Archaismse.g.wilt（will）7）Neologismse.g.email（Neologisms）beaver是girl的slang表达方式，但是二者之间存在着Stylisticdifference

WhichconstitutesthelargernumberamongEnglishvocabulary,contentwordsorfunctionalwords?

Answer:

Contentwords

Whatisnativewords?

Answer:

（1）Byorigin,Englishwordscanbeclassifiedintonativewordsandborrowedwords.

（2）NativewordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthefifthcenturybytheGermantribes:

theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,thusknowasAnglo-Saxonwords.（3）WordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginaresmallinnumber,amountingtoroughly50,000to60,000,buttheyformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstockandstandatthecoreofthelanguage

什么叫borrowedwords?

Answer:

（1）wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknowasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.

（2）ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80percentofthemodernEnglishvocabulary（3）TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentriesareborrowed.

什么叫Denizens?

DenizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.InotherwordstheyhavecometoconformtotheEnglishwayofpronunciationandspelling,suchasportfromportus（L）.‘Denizens’的例子都要记：

Portfromportus（L）,cupfromcuppa（L）,shiftfromskipta（ON）,shirtfromskyrta（ON）,changefromchangier（F）,porkfromporc（F）.

什么叫Translation-loans?

Translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedformtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage,suchas‘longtimenoseefromhaojiumeijian（Ch）

什么叫Semantic-loans?

wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,Buttheirmeaningareborrowed,inotherwords,Englishhasborrowedanewmeaningforanexistingwordinthelanguage,suchastheworddream,whichoriginallymeant’joy’and‘music’,anditsmodernmeaningwasborrowedlaterfromtheNorse.

第二章：

ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary

TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyItisassumedthattheworldhasapproximately3,000（someputit5,000）languages,whichcanbegroupedintoroughly300languagefamiliesonthebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstockandgrammar.

（重点：

语系划分的标准）Whatisthecriteriatodividelanguagefamilies?

Theanswer:

1.thebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstock2.grammar（重点）TheBalto-Slaviccomprisessuchmodernlanguagesas（选择题内容：

）Prussian,Lithuanian,Polish,Czech,Bulgarian,SlovenianandRussian.

‘Indo-European’两大分支：

1.Easternset2.WesternsetEasternset:

Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,ArmenianandAlbanianWesternset:

Celtic,Italic,Hellenic,Germanic.InthewesternSet,GreekisthemodernlanguagederivedfromHellenic.Celtic：

Scottish,Irish,Welsh,BretonThefiveRomancelanguages,namely,Portuguese,Spanish,French,Italian,RoumanianallbelongtotheItalic.TheGermanicfamilyconsistsofthefourNorthernEuropeanLanguages:

Norwegian,Icelandic,DanishandSwedish,whicharegenerallyknownasScandinavianlanguages.ThenthereisGerman,Dutch,FlemishandEnglish.WithVikings’invasion,manyScandinavianwordscameintotheEnglishlanguage.Itisestimatedthatatleast900wordsofScandinavianoriginhavesurvivedinmodernEnglish.OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.ItwasahighlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodernGerman.

重点句:

ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland

古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于（scripts）古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了（earlyscripts）Soundandform真正达到统一是在什么时期？

.Soundandformreachedtheirconcordin（ModernEnglishperiod）如果从词汇变化的角度而言，ModernEnglish又可以细划分为earlyperiod,modernperiod.

*现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期（重要的选择或填空内容）EarlymodernEnglishappearedintheRenaissance

ModernEnglishperiod有什么样的外来语的进入？

TheLatinwordsswarmedintoEnglishinearlymodernEnglishperiod现代英语时期，英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是（colonization）TherichnessofModernEnglishinvocabularyalsoarisesfrom（Colonization）TheEnglishlanguagehasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetothepresentanalyticlanguage（重要选择或填空内容）GrowthofPresent-dayEnglishVocabulary

Threemainsourcesofnewwords:

1）Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology2）Social,economicandpoliticalchanges;3）Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguage

2.4ModesofVocabularyDevelopment1）creation2）semanticchange3）borrowing2）Semanticchange（还包括外来词的Semanticloans）Elevation,degradation,extension,narrowing,transfer外来词可以被称作borrowedwords,因此又可以被称作.重点句：

borrowedwordsarealsoknownasloanedwords.恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色RevivingarchaicorobsoletewordsalsocontributestothegrowthofEnglishvocabularythoughquiteinsignificant.ThisisespeciallytrueofAmericanEnglish.

英语从syntheticlanguage发展到presentanalyticallanguage是在英语的哪一个阶段完成的？

答案：

ModernEnglishperiod

文艺复兴时期，恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段?

答案：

EarlyModernEnglishperiod

在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？

French,Latin,EnglishinMiddleEnglishperiod

easel,port,freight,出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？

答案：

MiddleEnglish,Dutch

在英语发展的某一个阶段，有一种语言进入英语，它一共带来了2500个词汇，这种语言是什么？

答案：

Dutch（前年考题）

据现代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少?

答案：

50,000to60,000他们的来源是（Anglo_Saxontongue）第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如：

Maojackets,blackbelt,kongfu,这些词属于英语词汇发展的Present-dayEnglishVocabulary注意：

第二章出大题的内容无非就是请简述印欧语系的发展与组成。

OldEnglish和MiddleEnglish最大的strikingdistinction存在于哪一个方面?

答案：

OldEnglishwasalanguageoffullendings,MiddleEnglishwasoneofleveledendings.

文艺复兴时期，哪两种文化得到了复兴，这对英语词汇的丰富具有什么样的影响?

答案：

Greek,Romanculture

某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段?

答案：

ModernEnglish

十六世纪，有一种新工业出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响，这是哪一种industry?

答案：

Printing这导致soundandform出现concord,出现standardization.

第三章

ThesmallestunitintheEnglishlanguagerefersto（morphemes）

TheminimalfreeformintheEnglishlanguagerefersto（word）

Inthepluralformchanging,someofthewordswilltakeinternalvowelchange,thisinternalvowelchangeiscalled（allomorphs）

Deer复数没有变,还是deer,sheep复数没有变,还是sheep,因此,这种变化被称作（z