Local Water Supply And Management A Compendium Of 30 Years Of IdrcFunded Research2Word格式.docx

Local Water Supply And Management A Compendium Of 30 Years Of IdrcFunded Research2Word格式.docx

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Ottawa,Canada

October2001

CONTENTS

1INTRODUCTION

.1DevelopmentProblemandDonorResponse

.2RoleofSocialAdaptiveCapacity

.3ObjectiveofthisResearchReview

.4ScopeandSources

.5OrganizationoftheReport

2RESEARCHRESULTSANDIMPACTSOFPROJECTS

.1TraditionalKnowledgeandCapacitybuilding

.2SmallScaleWaterSupplyandTechnology

.1FogCollection

.2RooftopRainwaterCatchment

.3FieldWaterHarvesting

.4AquiferProtectionandRecharge

.3WastewaterandWaterReuse

.4WatershedManagementandIrrigation

.1SurfaceWater

.2ConjunctiveUseofWater

.3SubsurfaceWater

.5Evaluationand“ClosingtheLoop”

3SUMMARIESOFLOCALWATERSUPPLYANDMANAGEMENTPROJECTS

.1ProjectListbyCategories

.2ProjectListbyNumber

.3AccessingIDRCProjectPrecisesthroughtheWeb

4KEYWORDINDEX

ANNEXA:

EXCERPTFROMHEALTHSCIENCESDIVISIONREPORT

ANNEXB:

SOCIALADAPTIVECAPACITYANDIDRC

CHAPTERONE:

ThisresearchreviewbringstogetherinformationontheprojectsthatIDRCfundedonlocalwatersupplyandmanagementprojectsduringitsfirst30yearsofsupportforresearchandrelatedactivities.Theoriginalintentoftheauthorswastoproduceaninternaldocumentthatcouldidentifyresearchresultsandinformfuturefunding.However,asinformationwasgathered,werealizedthatsomeofthelessonswereofwiderimport.Lessonscouldbedrawnnotonlyforfundingfurtherresearchbutalsofordesigningprogramsandpolicies.Otherresearchcentres,notablytheInternationalWaterManagementInstitute（IWMI）aswellassomedonoragencies,notablytheAgaKhanFoundation,arebeginningtolookatresearchonlocalwaterprojectswithmoreinterest.1UBC'

sCentreforIndiaandSouthAsianResearchsponsoredaninternationalworkshopthatbroughttogetherCanadianandforeignspecialiststodiscusstheissue.2TherecentreportoftheWorldCommissiononWatermadeagreatdealoftheopportunitiesofferedbygreaterparticipationin,anddecentralizationof,decisionsonthesupplyanduseoffreshwater.3Inthesecondofthe“drasticchanges”thatneedtobeintroducedinthewaythatwaterismanaged,theCommission’sreportstated:

4

Participatoryinstitutionalmechanismsmustbeputinplacetoinvolveallsectorsofsocietyindecisionmaking

Theoldmodelof“thisisgovernment’sbusiness”mustbereplacedbyamodelinwhichstakeholdersparticipateatalllevels.Atthelocallevel,communitygroupsandusers’associationshaveamajorrole–sometimesinself-providingandmanagingtheirlocalsewerageorirrigationworks,sometimesinmonitoringtheperformanceofpublicandprivateserviceproviders,sometimesinmanaginglanduseintheirlocalwatershed....Experienceshowsthatthisparticipationmustberealandnotsymbolic,andshowsthattheseusers’associationsandparliamentsmusthaveadecisiveroleindecidingwhatisdone,howitisdone,andwhopaysforit.

Itwouldappearthatlocalandcommunity-basedwatermanagementisanoldideawhosetimehascomearoundagain.Forallofthesereasons,thisresearchreviewisbeingpublishedinIDRC’sOccasionalPapersseries,andplacedonIDRC’swebsite（www.idrc.ca）.ThereviewwillalsobecomethebaseforthefirstpublicationinanewseriesofIDRCfocusbookshighlightinglinkagesbetweenresearchandpolicy.Asyetuntitled,thenewbookisexpectedtoappearinthespringorearlysummerof2002.

TherehaveonlybeentwooverallreviewsofwaterinIDRCprogramming.ThefirstreviewwaspublishedintheSearchingSeries（anannualinformalreportnolongerpublished）,whichemphasizedthebroadimportanceofresearchonwaterandIDRC’sspecificcontributiontothatresearch.5Theotherwasadetailedreviewofthefirst20yearsofIDRCsupportforwater-relatedprojects,butitwasreallyanextendedproposalbytheHealthSciencesDivision6forcreationofacoordinatedprogramonwaterwithinIDRC.7Unfortunately,theproposalappearedjustatthetimeIDRCresourcesbegantobecut,anditremainedasanunpublishedms.Theformerappearedin1989,thelatterin1991,andneitheremphasizedcommunity-basedwatermanagement.Inadditiontothesetwobroadreviews,areviewofurbanwaterprojectswaspreparedbytheSocialSciencesDivisioninthemid-1990s,aspartofanexplorationofpossiblenewprogramareas.8However,withthecontinuingbudgetcuts,nothingcameofthiseffortapartfromcontinuedsupportforurbanagriculture,whichofcoursehasawatercomponent.Theonlyotherreviewwasdonebyaninternin1998,andfocuseson“emergenttrendsinenvironmentallysoundandeconomicallyviableapproachestowastewatermanagementinthedevelopingworld.”Excludingnetworks,thatreviewidentifiedmorethan70projectsfundedpriorto1998thatdealtwithoneoranotheraspectofwastewaterfromdomestic,industrialoragriculturalsources.9（Therewasofcourseoverlapbetweentheselasttworeviews,andsomeprojectsarelistedinboth.）Neithertheurbanwaternorthewastewaterreportwasorientedtowardcommunity-basedwatermanagement,butmuchofwhattheycoverisdirectlyorindirectlyrelevanttoit.

AsemphasizedbytheHealthSciencesDivision,waterhas,withveryfewexceptions,beenacross-cuttingissueinIDRCwithoutmuchspecificidentificationinprogramformulation.Water-relatedfundinghasaccountedforaround5%ofCentreresources,andallpartsoftheCentrehavecontributedtothateffort.Atonetime,theCentreevenhelpedtolaunchalow-costjournalcalledWaterlinesforprofessionalandtechnicalpeopleworkinginthefield;

anothertimeitfundedawaterthesaurus;

andinthe1980sitfundedoveradozeninformationservicesornetworksonwaterandsanitation.OfthesevendivisionsthatmadeupIDRC’sresearchfundingstructurethroughthemiddle1990s,twoaccountedforthree-quartersoftheprojectfundingandfivefortheremainingone-quarter.OnlytheHealthSciencesDivisionandtheEarth&

EngineeringSciencesDivisionweretrulyactiveinwaterprogramming,andonlytheformerwasarealexceptiontothegeneralizationaboutdispersionofwater-relatedprogrammingwithinIDRC.

.1WaterScarcityasaWorldwideProblem

Scarcityoffreshwaterforhumanuse,foranimals,andforgrowingfoodisoneofthegreatestobstaclestoachievementofsustainableandequitabledevelopmentthroughouttheworld.Inmanyregions,itisthesinglegreatestobstacle,oratleastthesinglegreatestnaturalresourceobstacle.10

Withinthenext25years,one-thirdoftheworld’spopulationwillexperienceseverewaterscarcity,andanotherthirdmoderatescarcity.

Morethanonebillionpeopledrinkdirtywatereveryday,andsome10,000diedailyfromthemostcommonwater-bornediseases.

Despitetheforegoing,theworld’smajorwaterproblemisnotwatertodrinkbutwatertogrowfood.Two-thirdsofallwaterisusedforirrigation,mainlyindevelopingcountries,andmanycountriesmustincreaseirrigationtoavoidstarvation.

Theseproblemsareaccentuatedinthedrierpartsoftheworld.

Watershedslocatedinaridandsemi-aridregionsarehometoaboutone-sixthoftheworld’spopulationbutcontain70%oftheabsolutelypoorand44%ofthechildrenwhosegrowthisstuntedbymalnutrition.

Of20nationswithinternalrenewablefreshwateravailabilitybelow1000cubicmetrespercapita（acommonlyusedcriterionofwaterscarcity）,15areintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica.11TheothersareHungary,SouthAfricaandthreecountriesinEastAfrica.Aswell,thedrierpartsofChinaandIndiaareundertheline.

Indeed,theseratiosoverstateavailabilityandunderstatescarcity.Alargeproportionofthefreshwatermustbeleftinplace–inrivers,inlakes,underground–tosupportcriticalecosystemsaswellastopermitotherhumanactivities,suchastransportationandfisheries.Emphasisinthisdocumentisplacedonfreshwaterforhouseholdsandforagriculture,butthatsamewaterhasmanyotheruses,andtypicallythesamewaterisusedfortwoormoreofthem.（Oneofthemoresignificantwaysinwhichgenderissuesintersectwithwatermanagementdecisionsinvolvedstheallocationofwaterbetweenhouseholdandotheruses.）Evenirrigationwater,wearenowlearning,isusedformanypurposesbesidesagricultureinruralcommunities–and,further,healthconditionsinthosecommunitiesaresignificantlydependentupontheavailabilityofthatirrigationwater.12

.2DevelopmentProblemandDonorResponse

Thoughwatersupply,availabilityandaccessproblemsoccurthroughouttheworld,theyaremostpressinginthedevelopingworld.Insomeregionsthoseproblemsstemfromlackofrainfall;

inothersfromdegradationofavailablesupplies;

instillothersfromtoomanypeopleseekingtouseafixedquantityofwater.Notafewnationssufferfromallthreeproblemssimultaneously.Mostnationsinthedevelopingworldlackboththecapitalandtheinstitutionstocopewiththeproblem,andinsomeregionscriticalgapsinknowledgeorapparentlyinexorableshiftsinclimatefurtherfrustrateeventheattempt.Theresult,inextremecases,isdeath:

oflivestock,ofcrops,ofpeople.Almosteverywhere,theresultiscontinuinghealthproblems,shortenedlifespans,poorworkingconditions,inadequateincomes,anddepressedqualityoflife-witheachoftheseeffectsfallingdisproportionatelyonwomen,childrenandothervulnerablegroups.

Forsimplicityofexpression,throughoutthisdocumentweuse“waterscarcity”toconflateanum