Local Water Supply And Management A Compendium Of 30 Years Of IdrcFunded Research2Word格式.docx

1、Ottawa, CanadaOctober 2001CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION.1 Development Problem and Donor Response.2 Role of Social Adaptive Capacity.3 Objective of this Research Review.4 Scope and Sources.5 Organization of the Report2 RESEARCH RESULTS AND IMPACTS OF PROJECTS.1 Traditional Knowledge and Capacity building.2

2、Small Scale Water Supply and Technology.1 Fog Collection.2 Rooftop Rainwater Catchment.3 Field Water Harvesting.4 Aquifer Protection and Recharge.3 Wastewater and Water Reuse.4 Watershed Management and Irrigation.1 Surface Water.2 Conjunctive Use of Water.3 Subsurface Water.5 Evaluation and “Closing

3、 the Loop”3 SUMMARIES OF LOCAL WATER SUPPLY AND MANAGEMENT PROJECTS.1 Project List by Categories.2 Project List by Number.3 Accessing IDRC Project Precises through the Web 4 KEY WORD INDEXANNEX A: EXCERPT FROM HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION REPORTANNEX B: SOCIAL ADAPTIVE CAPACITY AND IDRCCHAPTER ONE:This

4、research review brings together information on the projects that IDRC funded on local water supply and management projects during its first 30 years of support for research and related activities. The original intent of the authors was to produce an internal document that could identify research res

5、ults and inform future funding. However, as information was gathered, we realized that some of the lessons were of wider import. Lessons could be drawn not only for funding further research but also for designing programs and policies. Other research centres, notably the International Water Manageme

6、nt Institute （IWMI） as well as some donor agencies, notably the Aga Khan Foundation, are beginning to look at research on local water projects with more interest.1 UBCs Centre for India and South Asian Research sponsored an international workshop that brought together Canadian and foreign specialist

7、s to discuss the issue.2 The recent report of the World Commission on Water made a great deal of the opportunities offered by greater participation in, and decentralization of, decisions on the supply and use of fresh water.3 In the second of the “drastic changes” that need to be introduced in the w

8、ay that water is managed, the Commissions report stated:4Participatory institutional mechanisms must be put in place to involve all sectors of society in decision makingThe old model of “this is governments business” must be replaced by a model in which stakeholders participate at all levels. At the

9、 local level, community groups and users associations have a major role sometimes in self-providing and managing their local sewerage or irrigation works, sometimes in monitoring the performance of public and private service providers, sometimes in managing land use in their local watershed. . . . E

10、xperience shows that this participation must be real and not symbolic, and shows that these users associations and parliaments must have a decisive role in deciding what is done, how it is done, and who pays for it.It would appear that local and community-based water management is an old idea whose

11、time has come around again. For all of these reasons, this research review is being published in IDRCs Occasional Papers series, and placed on IDRCs website （www.idrc.ca）. The review will also become the base for the first publication in a new series of IDRC focus books highlighting linkages between

12、 research and policy. As yet untitled, the new book is expected to appear in the spring or early summer of 2002. There have only been two overall reviews of water in IDRC programming. The first review was published in the Searching Series （an annual informal report no longer published）, which emphas

13、ized the broad importance of research on water and IDRCs specific contribution to that research.5 The other was a detailed review of the first 20 years of IDRC support for water-related projects, but it was really an extended proposal by the Health Sciences Division6 for creation of a coordinated pr

14、ogram on water within IDRC.7 Unfortunately, the proposal appeared just at the time IDRC resources began to be cut, and it remained as an unpublished ms. The former appeared in 1989, the latter in 1991, and neither emphasized community-based water management. In addition to these two broad reviews, a

15、 review of urban water projects was prepared by the Social Sciences Division in the mid-1990s, as part of an exploration of possible new program areas.8 However, with the continuing budget cuts, nothing came of this effort apart from continued support for urban agriculture, which of course has a wat

16、er component. The only other review was done by an intern in 1998, and focuses on “emergent trends in environmentally sound and economically viable approaches to wastewater management in the developing world.” Excluding networks, that review identified more than 70 projects funded prior to 1998 that

17、 dealt with one or another aspect of wastewater from domestic, industrial or agricultural sources.9 （There was of course overlap between these last two reviews, and some projects are listed in both.） Neither the urban water nor the wastewater report was oriented toward community-based water manageme

18、nt, but much of what they cover is directly or indirectly relevant to it. As emphasized by the Health Sciences Division, water has, with very few exceptions, been a cross-cutting issue in IDRC without much specific identification in program formulation. Water-related funding has accounted for around

19、 5% of Centre resources, and all parts of the Centre have contributed to that effort. At one time, the Centre even helped to launch a low-cost journal called Waterlines for professional and technical people working in the field; another time it funded a water thesaurus; and in the 1980s it funded ov

20、er a dozen information services or networks on water and sanitation. Of the seven divisions that made up IDRCs research funding structure through the middle 1990s, two accounted for three-quarters of the project funding and five for the remaining one-quarter. Only the Health Sciences Division and th

21、e Earth & Engineering Sciences Division were truly active in water programming, and only the former was a real exception to the generalization about dispersion of water-related programming within IDRC.1 Water Scarcity as a Worldwide ProblemScarcity of fresh water for human use, for animals, and for

22、growing food is one of the greatest obstacles to achievement of sustainable and equitable development throughout the world. In many regions, it is the single greatest obstacle, or at least the single greatest natural resource obstacle.10 Within the next 25 years, one-third of the worlds population w

23、ill experience severe water scarcity, and another third moderate scarcity. More than one billion people drink dirty water every day, and some 10,000 die daily from the most common water-borne diseases. Despite the foregoing, the worlds major water problem is not water to drink but water to grow food

24、. Two-thirds of all water is used for irrigation, mainly in developing countries, and many countries must increase irrigation to avoid starvation.These problems are accentuated in the drier parts of the world. Watersheds located in arid and semi-arid regions are home to about one-sixth of the worlds

25、 population but contain 70% of the absolutely poor and 44% of the children whose growth is stunted by malnutrition. Of 20 nations with internal renewable fresh water availability below 1000 cubic metres per capita （a commonly used criterion of water scarcity）, 15 are in the Middle East and North Afr

26、ica.11 The others are Hungary, South Africa and three countries in East Africa. As well, the drier parts of China and India are under the line.Indeed, these ratios overstate availability and understate scarcity. A large proportion of the fresh water must be left in place in rivers, in lakes, undergr

27、ound to support critical ecosystems as well as to permit other human activities, such as transportation and fisheries. Emphasis in this document is placed on fresh water for households and for agriculture, but that same water has many other uses, and typically the same water is used for two or more

28、of them. （One of the more significant ways in which gender issues intersect with water management decisions involved sthe allocation of water between household and other uses.） Even irrigation water, we are now learning, is used for many purposes besides agriculture in rural communities and, further

29、, health conditions in those communities are significantly dependent upon the availability of that irrigation water.12.2 Development Problem and Donor ResponseThough water supply, availability and access problems occur throughout the world, they are most pressing in the developing world. In some reg

30、ions those problems stem from lack of rainfall; in others from degradation of available supplies; in still others from too many people seeking to use a fixed quantity of water. Not a few nations suffer from all three problems simultaneously. Most nations in the developing world lack both the capital

31、 and the institutions to cope with the problem, and in some regions critical gaps in knowledge or apparently inexorable shifts in climate further frustrate even the attempt. The result, in extreme cases, is death: of livestock, of crops, of people. Almost everywhere, the result is continuing health

32、problems, shortened life spans, poor working conditions, inadequate incomes, and depressed quality of life - with each of these effects falling disproportionately on women, children and other vulnerable groups. For simplicity of expression, throughout this document we use “water scarcity” to conflate a num