语言学重点总结.docx

语言学重点总结.docx

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语言学重点总结

Chapter6

Cognitionisthementalprocessorfacultyofknowing,includingaspectssuchasawareness,perception,reasoning,andjudgment.

Thereexistthreeapproachestothestudyoflanguageandcognition:

theformalapproach,thepsychologicalapproachandtheconceptualapproach.

TheFormalapproachbasicallyaddressesthestructuralpatternsexhibitedbytheovertaspectoflinguisticforms,largelyabstractedawayfromorregardedasautonomousfromanyassociatedmeaning.

ThePsychologicalapproachlooksatlanguagefromtheperspectiveofrelativelygeneralcognitivesystemsrangingfromperception,memory,andattentiontoreasoning.

Theconceptualapproachisconcernedwiththepatternsinwhichandtheprocessesbywhichconceptualcontentisorganizedinlanguage.

Structurewillbeusedtoreferbothtopatternsandtoprocess,theconceptualapproachcanmoresimplybesaidtoaddresshowlanguagestructuresconceptualcontent.

Psycholinguisticsisthestudyofpsychologicalaspectsoflanguage;itusuallystudiesthepsychologicalstatesandmentalactivitiesassociatedwiththeuseoflanguage.

Sixaspectsofresearchwithinpsycholinguistics:

①Acquisition②Comprehension③Production④Disorders⑤Languageandthought⑥Neurocognition

Languageacquisition:

①Holophrasticstage②Two-wordstage③Stageofthree-wordutterances④Fluentgrammaticalconversationstage

Connectionisminpsycholinguisticsclaimsthatreadersusethesamesystemoflinksbetweenspellingunitsandsoundunitstogeneratepronunciationsofwrittenwordsliketoveandtoaccessthepronunciationsoffamiliarwordslikestove,orwordsthatareexceptionstothesepatterns,likelove.

Languagecomprehension:

①wordrecognition②comprehensionofsentences③comprehensionoftext

Cohortmodel:

thefirstfewphonemesofaspokenwordactivateasetorcohortofwordcandidatesthatareconsistentwiththeinput.

Interactivemodelholdsthathigherprocessinglevelshaveadirect,“top-down”influenceonlowerlevels.

Theracemodeldoesnotagree“top-down”effects,ithastworoutesthatraceeachother----apre-lexicalroute,whichcomputesphonologicalinformationfromtheacousticsignal,andalexicalroute,inwhichthephonologicalinformationassociatedwithawordbecomesavailablewhentheworditselfisaccessed.

Serialmodelsproposethatthesentencecomprehensionsystemcontinuallyandsequentiallyfollowstheconstraintsofalanguage’sgrammarwithremarkablespeed.

Parallelmodelsemphasizethatthecomprehensionsystemissensitivetoavastrangeofinformation,includinggrammatical,lexicalandcontextual,aswellasknowledgeofthespeaker/writerandoftheworldingeneral.

Inresonancemodel,informationinlong-termmemoryisautomaticallyactivatedbythepresenceofmaterialthatapparentlybearsaroughsemanticrelationtoit.

Languageproduction:

①Accesstowords②Generationofsentences③Writtenlanguageproduction

Functionalplanningprocessassignsgrammaticalfunctionssuchassubject,verbordirectobject.

Positionalencodingusestheretrievedlexicon-grammarunitsandthefunctionstheyhavebeenassignedtogeneratesyntacticstructuresthatcapturethedependenciesamongconstituentsandtheirorder.

Cognitivelinguisticsisbasedonhumanexperiencesoftheworldandthewaytheyperceiveandconceptualizetheworld.

Construalistheabilitytoconceiveandportraythesamesituationinalternatewaysthroughspecificity,differentmentalscanning,directionality,vantagepoint,figure-groundsegregationetc.

Construaloperationsaretheunderlyingpsychologicalprocessedandresourcesemployedintheinterpretationoflinguisticexpressions.

①Attention/Salience②Judgment/Comparison③Perspective/Situatedness

Trajectorreferstoadynamicfigureandlandmarktothegroundofamovingfigure.

Deixisinvolveslinguisticformsthatpointatsomethingfromthespeechsituation.

Categorizationistheprocessofclassifyingourexperiencesintodifferentcategoriesbasedoncommonalitiesanddifferences.

Therearethreelevelsincategories:

①thebasiclevel②thesuperordinatelevel③thesubordinatelevel

Thecategoriesatthebasiclevelarethosethataremostculturallysalientandarerequiredtofulfillourcognitiveneedsthebest.

Superordinatecategoriesarethemostgeneralones.Themembersofasuperordinatecategorydonothaveenoughfeaturesincommontoconjureupacommongestaltatthislevel.

Imageschemaisarecurring,dynamicpatternofourperceptualinteractionsandmotorprogramsthatgivescoherenceandstructuretoourexperience.①Acenter-peripheryschema:

Itinvolvesaphysicalormetaphoricalcoreandedge,anddegreesofdistancefromthecore②Acontainmentschema:

Itisanimageschemathatinvolvesaphysicalprmetaphoricalboundary,enclosedareaorvolume,orexcludedareaorvolume.③Acycleschema:

Itinvolvesrepetit