《科技英语》课后习题答案.docx

《科技英语》课后习题答案.docx

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《科技英语》课后习题答案

MainContent:

UNIT1MATHEMATICS

I.TextOrganization

Parts

Paragraphs

MainIdeas

PartOne

Paras.1-3

Gametheorycanbedefinedasthescienceofstrategywhichstudiesbothpureconflicts（zero-sumgames）andconflictsincooperativeforms.

PartTwo

Paras.4-11

Therearetwodistincttypesofstrategicinterdependence:

sequential-movegameandsimultaneous-movegame.

PartThree

Paras.12-19

Thetypicalexamplesofgametheoryaregivenasthebasicprinciplessuchasprisoners’dilemma,mixingmoves,strategicmoves,bargaining,concealingandrevealinginformation.

PartFour

Para.20

Theresearchofgametheoryhassucceededinillustratingstrategiesinsituationsofconflictandcooperationanditwillfocusonthedesignofsuccessfulstrategyinfuture.

II.LanguagePoints

Thegamesitstudiesrangefromchesstochildrearingandfromtennistotakeovers.（Para.1）

Paraphrase:

Thegamesit（gametheory）studiesextendsfromchesstochildbringing-upandfromtennistohandovers.

range:

v.tovarybetweenlimits,extend,runinaline

e.g.

（1）Thepricerangesfrom$30to$80.

（2）Theboundaryrangesfromnorthtosouth.

takeover:

n.theactoraninstanceofassumingcontrolormanagementoforresponsibilityforsth.接收、接管

e.g.TheeconomyofHongkonggoeswellafteritstakeover.

GametheorywaspioneeredbyPrincetonmathematicianJohnvonNeumann.（Para.2）

pioneer:

v.tobeapioneer;tooriginate（courseofactionetc.,followedlaterbyothers）

e.g.Thenewtreatmentforcancerwaspioneeredbytheexpertsofstatehospital.

pioneer:

n.originalinvestigatorofsubjectorexplorerorsettler;initiatorofenterprise

e.g.Theyounggenerationwasgreatlymotivatedbythepioneers’exploits.

Thatis,theparticipantsweresupposedtochooseandimplementtheiractionsjointly.（Para.2）

Paraphrase:

Thatis,theplayerswereexpectedtoselectandcarryouttheiractionstogether.

…hemustanticipateandovercomeresistancetohisplans.（Para.3）

anticipate:

v.1）toexpectorrealizebeforehand;toforesee

e.g.Theexpertsareanticipatingthenegativeeffectsofairpollution.

anticipate:

v.2）todealwithorusebeforepropertime预支

e.g.Tedwasnotusedtosavingmonthlyandhewouldalwaysanticipatehisincome.

Theessenceofagameistheinterdependenceofplayerstrategies.（Para.4）

Paraphrase:

Thekeyprincipalofagameisthatplayerstrategiesaredependentoneachother.

essence:

n.1）thequalitywhichmakesathingwhatitis;theinnernatureormostimportantqualityofathing

e.g.Thetwothingsarethesameinoutwardformbutdifferentinessence.

essence:

n.2）extractobtainedfromasubstancebytakingoutasmuchofthemassaspossible

e.g.milkessence;essenceofpeppermint（椒薄荷、椒薄荷油）

interdependence:

n.thequalityorfactofdependingoneachother

inter-为前缀，意为betweeneachother,类似的词还有interchange、intermarry、international、interview等。

Ageneralprincipleforaplayerinasequential-movegameistolookaheadandreasonback.（Para.5）

Paraphrase:

Acommonly-appliedruleforaparticipantinasequentialgameistoanticipateandthinklogicallyinturn.

reason:

v.toformortrytoreachconclusionsbyconnectedthought;tothinkout

e.g.

（1）Man’sabilitytoreasonmakeshimdifferentfromtheanimal.

（2）Ireasoninthiswayaboutthematter.

Inprinciple,anysequentialgamethatendsafterafinitesequenceofmoves…（Para.6）

finite:

a.limited;havingbounds

e.g.Thepetroleumsupplyisfiniteforhumankind.

infinite:

a.withoutlimits;havingnobounds;（numberthatcannotbecalculated）

e.g.infinitespace.

Incontrasttothelinearchainofreasoningforsequentialgames,agamewithsimultaneousmovesinvolvesalogicalcircle.（Para.7）

Paraphrase:

Agamewithsimultaneousmoverequiresalogicalcircularthinking,whichistotallydifferentfromthelinearchainofreasoningforsequentialgames.

…inignoranceoftheothers’currentactions.（Para.7）

ignorance:

n.beinglackingofknowledgeoruninformed

e.g.Themanagerwasoffendedbytheignoranceofhisplans.

Thelogicalcircleissquared…（Para.8）

squarethecircle:

toattemptsth.impossible做（似乎是）不可能的事

Whenwesaythatanoutcomeisanequilibrium,thereisnopresumptionthateachperson’sprivatelybestchoicewillleadtoacollectivelyoptimalresult.（Para.10）

Paraphrase:

Whenwementionthatgameresultisanequilibrium,thereisnoassurancethateachplayer’sbestchoicewillleadtothebesteffectforalltheplayers.

此句是一个复合句，when引导时间状语从句，主句thereisnopresumption中又包含一个同位语从句thateachperson’sprivatelybestchoicewillleadtoacollectivelyoptimalresult，修饰presumption。

Butinspiteoftheseflaws…（Para.11）

flaw:

n.imperfection;crack;invalidatingdefectindocument

e.g.Therewasafatalflawinhisargumentthathegaveaninaccuratedefinition.

Suchcooperativebehaviorcanbeachievedinr