高考英语二轮培优复习专题三阅读理解第三讲推理判断题习题Word下载.docx
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对文章内容预测题
此类题目在高考题中的数量所占比例较大,是高考阅读理解考查的重点,应引起考生的重视。
具体来说,针对不同的推理判断题,寻找线索时要使用不同的方法。
二、设问方式
一般来说,推理判断题题干中常出现knowabout,learnfrom,infer,imply,suggest,conclude,intend,mean,indicate等词语。
1.细节推断题常见的命题形式
·
Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.
Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.
Theauthorstronglysuggeststhat________.
Thewriterimpliesbutnotdirectlystatesthat________.
Thewriter/authorindicates/suggests/impliesthat________.
Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport?
2.态度倾向推断常见的命题形式
Theattitudeoftheauthortowardssomethingis________.
Thewriterofthepassageseemstothinkthat________.
What’sthewriter’sattitudetowards...?
Whatistheauthor’sopinionon...?
Whatdoestheauthorthinkabout...?
3.写作意图推断题常见的命题形式
Whatisthemainpurposeoftheauthorwritingthetext?
Thepurposeofthetextistogetmorepeopleto________.
Thewriterofthestorywantstotellusthat________.
Thewritertalksabout...inorderto________.
Theauthorwritesthelastparagraphinorderto________.
4.文章来源或读者对象推断题常见的命题形式
Thispassagewouldmostlikelybefoundin________.
Inwhichofthefollowingpublicationswouldthispassagemostlikelybeprinted?
Thepassageisprobablytakenoutof________.
Wheredoesthistextprobablycomefrom?
Whereisthepassagemostlikelytohavebeentakenfrom?
5.对文章内容预测常见的命题形式
Whatdoyouthinkwillhappenwhen/if...?
Attheendofthispassage,thewritermightcontinuetowrite________.
Theparagraphfollowingthepassagewillprobablybeabout________.
Whichofthefollowingstatementsismostlikelytobetalkedaboutinthefollowingparagraph?
三、选项特征
1.推理判断题正确选项的特征
(1)“立足原文,只推一步”,即根据原文内容,一步即可推得。
(2)选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念,如only,never,all,absolutely等。
正确答案:
的表述一般有一点模糊,会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇,如often,usually,sometimes,some,may,might,can,could,possibly,probably等。
2.推理判断题干扰选项的特征
(1)曲解文意。
即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别,推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话,命题者可能会利用里面的字词设计出干扰项,看似表达文章的意思,其实是借题发挥,是对原文意思的曲解。
(2)张冠李戴。
为了起到干扰的效果,高考命题人常用的一个手段就是张冠李戴,即通过使用原文中出现的词汇甚至句式,把本来适用于一种情况的内容移用到其他情况。
(3)颠倒是非。
干扰项的内容常涉及原文中提及的一些内容或现象,但选项的意思却与原文恰恰相反。
(4)无中生有。
这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点,但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。
另外,这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。
(5)扩缩范围。
为了准确、严密地表达文章内容,命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定,有时通过加上almost,all,nearly,morethan,normally,usually等词语对文意加以限制。
“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语,将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变,从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。
【典例】
(2017·
江苏高考·
阅读C)
Thefirstisthatantitrustauthoritiesneedtomovefromtheindustrialageintothe21stcentury.Whenconsideringamerger(兼并),forexample,theyhavetraditionallyusedsizetodeterminewhentostepin.Theynowneedtotakeintoaccounttheextentoffirms’dataassets(资产)whenassessingtheimpactofdeals.Thepurchasepricecouldalsobeasignalthatanestablishedcompanyisbuyinganew-bornthreat.Whenthistakesplace,especiallywhenanew-borncompanyhasnorevenuetospeakof,theregulatorsshouldraiseredflags.
63.Bypayingattentiontofirms’dataassets,antitrustregulatorscould________.
A.killanewthreatB.avoidthesizetrap
C.favourbiggerfirmsD.chargehigherprices
答案:
B【推理判断题。
根据本段“Thefirstisthatantitrustauthoritiesneedtomovefromtheindustrialageintothe21stcentury.Whenconsideringamerger(兼并),forexample,theyhavetraditionallyusedsizetodeterminewhentostepin.Theynowneedtotakeintoaccounttheextentoffirms’dataassets(资产)whenassessingtheimpactofdeals.”可知,在考虑公司数据资产的基础上,反垄断监管机构会避免陷于规模陷阱。
】
【技巧点拨】
如何解决细节判断题?
细节判断题属于深层理解题,要求根据语篇内容,推断具体细节。
做此类题目关键是要正确把握文章的内在关系,理解文章的真正含义,要忠实于原文,千万不能主观臆断,随意揣测,更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
此类题目的题干一般包括六个动词:
infer(推断),indicate(象征,暗示),imply(暗示),suggest(暗示),assume(假定,设想)和conclude(推断,做出结论)。
(江苏高考·
阅读D)
Athensreachedthepointwhenthefreedomshereallywantedwasfreedomfromresponsibility.Therecouldbeonlyoneresult.Ifmeninsistedonbeingfreefromtheburdenofself-dependenceandresponsibilityforthecommongood,theywouldceasetobefree.Responsibilityisthepriceeverymanmustpayforfreedom.Itistobehadonnootherterms.Athens,theAthensofAncientGreece,refusedresponsibility;
shereachedtheendoffreedomandwasnevertohaveitagain.
70.Whatistheauthor’sunderstandingoffreedom?
A.Freedomcanbemorepopularinthedigitalage.
B.Freedommaycometoanendinthedigitalage.
C.Freedomshouldhavepriorityoverresponsibility.
D.Freedomneedstobeguaranteedbyresponsibility.
D【推理判断题。
一开始作者对freedom的定义是“Theessentialbelief...wouldtakeresponsibilityforthestate.”,到雅典人对自由的看法的变化,即逃避责任,再到最后作者说雅典人没有了自由,但自由的概念在数字时代的世界仍然存在,D项“自由需要责任的保障”符合文意。
如何解决观点态度题?
做此类题目必须透过文章的字面意义去理解。
作者的态度和观点无非也就是三种:
支持、赞同、乐观;
反对、批评、怀疑、悲观;
中立、客观。
作者的态度和观点常用一些形容词、副词和不定意义的动词来表达,如possible,impossible,seem,strange等。
这时需要注意的是:
一定要理清作者所列举的事例与其观点、态度是一致的还是相反的。
有些文章作者的观点态度隐含在文章的字里行间,需要通读全文,才能做出正确的判断。
注意熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语。
1.褒义词有:
supportive(支持的);
positive(积极的);
optimistic(乐观的);
enthusiastic(热情的)等。
2.贬义词有:
negative(否定的,消极的);
ironic(讽刺的);
critical(批评的);
disgusted(厌恶的);
disappointed(失望的)等。
3.中性词有:
indifferent(漠不关心的);
uninterested(不感兴趣的);
objective(客观的);
neutral(中立的)等。
(2016·
阅读C)
ElNiñ
o,aSpanishtermfor“theChristchild,”wasnamedbySouthAmericanfishermenwhonoticedthattheglobalweatherpattern,whichhappenseverytwotosevenyears,reducedtheamountoffishescaughtaroundChristmas.ElNiñ
oseeswarmwater,collectedoverseveralyearsinthewesternPacific,flowbackeastwardswhenwindsthatnormallyblowwestwardsweaken,orsometimestheotherwayround.
Theweathereffectsbothgoodandbad,arefeltinmanyplaces.RichcountriesgainmorefrompowerfulNiñ
os,onbalance,thantheylose.AstudyfoundthatastrongNiñ
oin1997-98helpedAmerica’seconomygrowby$15billion,partlybecauseofbetteragriculturalharvests:
farmersintheMidwestgainedfromextrarain.Thetotalriseinagriculturalincomesinrichcountriesisgreaterthanthefallinpoorones.
ButinIndonesiaextremelydryforestsareinflames.Amulti-yeardrought(干旱)insouth-eastBrazilisbecomingworse.ThoughheavyrainsbroughtaboutbyElNiñ
omayrelievethedroughtinCalifornia,theyarelikelytocausesurfacefloodingandotherdisasters.
ThemostrecentpowerfulNiñ
o,in1997-98,killedaround21,000peopleandcauseddamageworth$36billionaroundtheglobe.ButsuchNiñ
oscomewithmonthsofwarning,andsomuchisknownabouthowtheyhappenthatgovernmentscanprepare.AccordingtotheOverseasDevelopmentInstitute(ODI),however,just12%ofdisaster-relieffundinginthepasttwodecadeshasgoneonreducingrisksinadvance,ratherthanrecoveryandrebuildingafterwards.Thisisdespiteevidencethatadollarspentonrisk-reductionsavesatleasttwoonreconstruction.
Simpleimprovementstoinfrastructure(基础设施)canreducethespreadofdisease.Bettersewers(下水道)makeitlesslikelythatheavyrainisfollowedbyanoutbreakofthediseaseofbadstomach.Strongerbridgesmeanvillagesarelesslikelytobeleftwithoutfoodandmedicineafterfloods.Accordingtoapaperin2011byMrHsiangandco-authors,civilconflictisrelatedtoElNiñ
o’sharmfuleffects—andthepoorerthecountry,thestrongerthelink.Thoughtherelationshipmaynotbecausal,helpingdividedcommunitiestopreparefordisasterswouldatleastreducetheriskthatthosedisastersarefollowedbykillingandwoundingpeople.SincethepoorestareleastlikelytomakeupfortheirlossesfromdisasterslinkedtoElNiñ
o,reducingtheirlossesneedstobethepriority.
64.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage?
A.TointroduceElNiñ
oanditsorigin.
B.ToexplaintheconsequencesofElNiñ
o.
C.ToshowwaysoffightingagainstElNiñ
D.TourgepeopletoprepareforElNiñ
D【目的意图题。
根据最后一句“SincethepoorestareleastlikelytomakeupfortheirlossesfromdisasterslinkedtoElNiñ
o,reducingtheirlossesneedstobethepriority.”可知,各国政府要把减少损失放在优先的位置。
也就是说我们要事先做好准备。
故D项正确。
如何解决写作意图类推断题?
要求考生根据文章的论述,揣测作者的写作意图。
作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图,而是通过文章所提供的事实,客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。
这种题型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意,同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。
判断文章的写作目的时一定要对文章主题有正确的把握,阅读时务必找准文章的主旨句,准确归纳文章主题。
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