How toCPR文档格式.docx
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ThetipsprovidedbelowarebasedonproceduresrecommendedbytheAHAandarenotasubstituteforformaltraininginCPR.TheAHAandtheAmericanRedCrossofferCPRcourses;
toregister,contacttheAHAat1-800-AHA-USA1oryourlocalAmericanRedCrosschapter.Everyoneinyourfamilyshouldtakeoneofthesecourses,andyoushouldhaveyourCPRskillstestedatleasteverytwoyears.
AutomatedExternalDefibrillators(AEDs)areincreasinglyavailableatmanylocations,suchasshoppingmallsandairports.Theyaresmall,lightweightdevicesusedtoassessaperson’sheartrhythm.AnAEDcandetecttheneedforandadministeranelectricshocktorestoreanormalheartrhythminpeoplewithsuddencardiacarrest.ACEPsupportswidespreaddistributionofAEDs,aslongasitiscoordinatedwithexistingEMSsystemsandincludespropertraining.LogicalplacesforAEDsincludepolicecars,theaters,sportsarenas,publicbuildings,businessofficesandairports.AnincreasingnumberofcommercialairplanesarenowequippedwithAEDsandenhancedmedicalkits.
CPRistypicallyadministeredincasesofcardiacarrest.Signsofcardiacarrestincludeanabsenceofheartbeats,bloodflowandpulse.Whenbloodstopsflowingtothebrain,thepersonbecomesunconsciousandstopsregularbreathing.
TheABCsofCPRareAirway,Breathing,andCirculation.ThisacronymisusedtohelpyourememberthestepstotakewhenperformingCPR.
Airway
∙Ifapersonhascollapsed,determineifthepersonisunconscious.Gentlyprodthevictimandshout,“Areyouokay?
”Ifthereisnoresponse,shoutforhelp.Call911oryourlocalemergencynumber.
∙Ifthepersonisnotlyingflatonhisorherback,rollhimorherover,movingtheentirebodyatonetime.
∙Opentheperson’sairway.Liftupthechingentlywithonehandwhilepushingdownontheforeheadwiththeothertotilttheheadback.(Donottrytoopentheairwayusingajawthrustforinjuredvictims.Besuretoemploythisheadtilt-chinliftforallvictims,evenifthepersonisinjured.)
∙Ifthepersonmayhavesufferedaneckinjury,inadivingorautomobileaccident,forexample,opentheairwayusingthechin-liftwithouttiltingtheheadback.Iftheairwayremainsblocked,tilttheheadslowlyandgentlyuntiltheairwayisopen.
∙Oncetheairwayisopen,checktoseeifthepersonisbreathing.
∙Takefiveto10seconds(nomorethan10seconds)toverifynormal
breathinginanunconsciousadult,orfortheexistenceorabsenceofbreathinginaninfantorchildwhoisnotresponding.
∙Ifopeningtheairwaydoesnotcausethepersontobegintobreathe,itisadvisedthatyoubeginprovidingrescuebreathing(or,minimally,beginprovidingchestcompressions).
Breathing(RescueBreathing)
Pinchtheperson’snoseshutusingyourthumbandforefinger.Keeptheheelofyourhandontheperson’sforeheadtomaintaintheheadtilt.Yourotherhandshouldremainundertheperson’schin,liftingup.
∙Inhalenormally(notdeeply)beforegivingarescuebreathtoavictim.
∙Immediatelygivetwofullbreathswhilemaintaininganair-tightsealwithyourmouthontheperson’smouth.Eachbreathshouldbeonesecondindurationandshouldmakethevictim’schestrise.(Ifthechestdoesnotriseafterthefirstbreathisdelivered,performtheheadtilt-chinliftasecondtimebeforeadministeringthesecondbreath.)Avoidgivingtoomanybreathsorbreathsthataretoolargeorforceful.
Circulation(ChestCompressions)
Aftergivingtwofullbreaths,immediatelybeginchestcompressions(andcyclesofcompressionsandrescuebreaths).Donottakethetimetolocatetheperson’spulsetocheckforsignsofbloodcirculation.
∙Kneelattheperson’sside,nearhisorherchest.
∙Withthemiddleandforefingersofthehandnearestthelegs,locatethenotchwherethebottomrimsoftheribcagemeetinthemiddleofthechest.
∙Placetheheelofthehandonthebreastbone(sternum)nexttothenotch,whichislocatedinthecenterofthechest,betweenthenipples.Placeyourotherhandontopoftheonethatisinposition.Besuretokeepyourfingersupoffthechestwall.Youmayfinditeasiertodothisifyouinterlockyourfingers.
∙Bringyourshouldersdirectlyovertheperson’ssternum.Pressdownward,keepingyourarmsstraight.Pushhardandfast.Foranadult,depressthesternumaboutathirdtoahalfthedepthofthechest.Then,relaxpressureonthesternumcompletely.Donotremoveyourhandsfromtheperson’ssternum,butdoallowthechesttoreturntoitsnormalpositionbetweencompressions.Relaxationandcompressionshouldbeofequalduration.Avoidinterruptionsinchestcompressions(topreventstoppageofbloodflow).
∙Use30chestcompressionstoeverytwobreaths(oraboutfivecyclesof30:
2compressionsandventilationseverytwominutes)forallvictims(excludingnewborns).Youmustcompressattherateofabout100timesperminute.
∙ContinueCPRuntiladvancedlifesupportisavailable.
UsinganAEDinconjunctionwithCPR:
∙IfusinganAEDinthecaseofaheartattackorcardiacarrest,singleshocksshouldbefollowedbyimmediateCPRfortwominutes.Heartrhythmchecksshouldbeperformedeverytwominutes(oraftergivingaboutfivecyclesofCPR);
theAEDwillprovideaudiblepromptsattheappropriateintervals.See
AEDsection
fordetails.
∙IfusinganAEDonaone-toeight-year-oldchild,useachild-dose-reductionsystemifavailable.(However,donot
usechildpadsorachilddoseonadultsincardiacarrestbecausethesmallerdosemaynotdefibrillateadultsproperly.)
CPRforInfants(UptoOneYearOld)
Withinfants,becarefulnottotilttheheadbacktoofar.Aninfant’sneckissopliablethatforcefulbackwardtiltingmightblockbreathingpassagesinsteadofopeningthem.
Breathing
Donotpinchthenoseofaninfantwhoisnotbreathing.Coverboththemouthandthenosewithyourmouthandbreatheslowly(onetooneandahalfsecondsperbreath),usingenoughvolumeandpressuretomakethechestrise.
Withasmallchild,pinchthenoseclosed,coverthemouthwithyourmouthandbreatheatthesamerateasforaninfant.Rescuebreathingshouldbedoneinconjunctionwithchestcompressions.(Seenextsection.)
ChestCompressionsonInfants
∙Ifalonewithanunresponsiveinfant,givefivecyclesofCPR(compressionsandventilations)forabouttwominutesbeforecalling911oryourlocalemergencynumber.
∙Useonlythetipsofthemiddleandringfingersofonehandtocompressthechestatthesternum(breastbone),justbelowthenippleline,asdescribedinthetablebelow.Theotherhandmaybeslippedunderthebacktoprovideafirmsupport.(However,ifyoucanencircleyourhandsaroundthechestoftheinfant,usingthethumbstocompressthechest,thisisbetterthanusingthetwo-fingermethod.)
∙Depressthesternumbetweenathirdtoahalfthedepthofthechestatarateofatleast100timesaminute.
∙Twobreathsshouldbegivenduringapauseafterevery30chestcompressions
onallinfants(excludingnewborns).
∙ContinueCPRuntilemergencymedicalhelparrives.
SmallChildren(agesonetoeight)
∙GivefivecyclesofCPR(compressionsandventilations)forabouttwominutesbeforecalling911.
∙Usetheheelofoneortwohands,asneeded,andcompressonthebreastboneataboutthenippleline.
∙Depressthesternumaboutathirdtoahalfthedepthofthechest,dependingonthesizeofthechild.Therateshouldbe100timesperminute.
∙Givetwobreathsforevery30chestcompressions(30:
2ratio).
ReducingWoundPain
Woundsalwayshurt,butthedegreeofpainwillvaryaccordingtothenature,location,andseverityoftheinjury.Burnsareparticularlypainful,asaremanyblisters,cuts,andscrapes.Whileapuncturewoundmayhurtless,itcouldpotentiallybemoreseriousifleftuntreated.
Foranywound,youshouldtakethefollowingsteps:
∙Takecareofthewoundimmediately,becauseevenaminorwoundcangetinfectedifbacteriaareallowedtobuildupinthewoundsite.Ifthewoundisminor,youshouldgivefirstaidathome.
∙Ifyougetapuncturewoundorsteponarustynail,youshouldseeadoctorimmediately,becauseyoumayneedatetanusshot.Ifyoudon'
tknowwhetheryou'
redueforatetanusshot,don'
ttakeanychances.Callyourdoctor.Ifthepuncturewoundisfromahumanoranimalbite,seekemergencymedicalattention.Ifthecutisdeeporhasjaggededges,youmayneedstitchestoclosethewound.
∙Cleanthewoundwithwater.Avoidusingsoap,hydrogenperoxide,oriodine,whichcanirritatetheinjury.Holdthewoundunderrunningwatertoremovedirt,andusesteriledtweezerstoremoveremainingdebris.Ifyoucan'
tgetthewoundclean,seeadoctor,becausethedirtcouldtriggeraninfection.Ifthereisalargeobjectembeddedinthewound,leaveitaloneandseekemergencyhelp.