How toCPR文档格式.docx

1、The tips provided below are based on procedures recommended by the AHA and are not a substitute for formal training in CPR. The AHA and the American Red Cross offer CPR courses; to register, contact the AHA at 1-800-AHA-USA1 or your local American Red Cross chapter. Everyone in your family should ta

2、ke one of these courses, and you should have your CPR skills tested at least every two years.Automated External Defibrillators （AEDs） are increasingly available at many locations, such as shopping malls and airports. They are small, lightweight devices used to assess a persons heart rhythm. An AED c

3、an detect the need for and administer an electric shock to restore a normal heart rhythm in people with sudden cardiac arrest. ACEP supports widespread distribution of AEDs, as long as it is coordinated with existing EMS systems and includes proper training. Logical places for AEDs include police ca

4、rs, theaters, sports arenas, public buildings, business offices and airports. An increasing number of commercial airplanes are now equipped with AEDs and enhanced medical kits.CPR is typically administered in cases of cardiac arrest. Signs of cardiac arrest include an absence of heartbeats, blood fl

5、ow and pulse. When blood stops flowing to the brain, the person becomes unconscious and stops regular breathing.The ABCs of CPR are Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. This acronym is used to help you remember the steps to take when performing CPR.Airway If a person has collapsed, determine if the p

6、erson is unconscious. Gently prod the victim and shout, “Are you okay?” If there is no response, shout for help. Call 911 or your local emergency number. If the person is not lying flat on his or her back, roll him or her over, moving the entire body at one time. Open the persons airway. Lift up the

7、 chin gently with one hand while pushing down on the forehead with the other to tilt the head back. （Do not try to open the airway using a jaw thrust for injured victims. Be sure to employ this head tilt-chin lift for all victims, even if the person is injured.） If the person may have suffered a nec

8、k injury, in a diving or automobile accident, for example, open the airway using the chin-lift without tilting the head back. If the airway remains blocked, tilt the head slowly and gently until the airway is open. Once the airway is open, check to see if the person is breathing. Take five to 10 sec

9、onds （no more than 10 seconds） to verify normalbreathing in an unconscious adult, or for the existence or absence of breathing in an infant or child who is not responding. If opening the airway does not cause the person to begin to breathe, it is advised that you begin providing rescue breathing （or

10、, minimally, begin providing chest compressions）.Breathing （Rescue Breathing）Pinch the persons nose shut using your thumb and forefinger. Keep the heel of your hand on the persons forehead to maintain the head tilt. Your other hand should remain under the persons chin, lifting up. Inhale normally （n

11、ot deeply） before giving a rescue breath to a victim. Immediately give two full breaths while maintaining an air-tight seal with your mouth on the persons mouth. Each breath should be one second in duration and should make the victims chest rise. （If the chest does not rise after the first breath is

12、 delivered, perform the head tilt-chin lift a second time before administering the second breath.） Avoid giving too many breaths or breaths that are too large or forceful.Circulation （Chest Compressions）After giving two full breaths, immediately begin chest compressions （and cycles of compressions a

13、nd rescue breaths）. Do not take the time to locate the persons pulse to check for signs of blood circulation. Kneel at the persons side, near his or her chest. With the middle and forefingers of the hand nearest the legs, locate the notch where the bottom rims of the rib cage meet in the middle of t

14、he chest. Place the heel of the hand on the breastbone （sternum） next to the notch, which is located in the center of the chest, between the nipples. Place your other hand on top of the one that is in position. Be sure to keep your fingers up off the chest wall. You may find it easier to do this if

15、you interlock your fingers. Bring your shoulders directly over the persons sternum. Press downward, keeping your arms straight. Push hard and fast. For an adult, depress the sternum about a third to a half the depth of the chest. Then, relax pressure on the sternum completely. Do not remove your han

16、ds from the persons sternum, but do allow the chest to return to its normal position between compressions. Relaxation and compression should be of equal duration. Avoid interruptions in chest compressions （to prevent stoppage of blood flow）. Use 30 chest compressions to every two breaths （or about f

17、ive cycles of 30:2 compressions and ventilations every two minutes） for all victims （excluding newborns）. You must compress at the rate of about 100 times per minute. Continue CPR until advanced life support is available.Using an AED in conjunction with CPR: If using an AED in the case of a heart at

18、tack or cardiac arrest, single shocks should be followed by immediate CPR for two minutes. Heart rhythm checks should be performed every two minutes （or after giving about five cycles of CPR）; the AED will provide audible prompts at the appropriate intervals. SeeAED sectionfor details. If using an A

19、ED on a one- to eight-year-old child, use a child-dose-reduction system if available. （However, do notuse child pads or a child dose on adults in cardiac arrest because the smaller dose may not defibrillate adults properly.）CPR for Infants （Up to One Year Old）With infants, be careful not to tilt the

20、 head back too far. An infants neck is so pliable that forceful backward tilting might block breathing passages instead of opening them.BreathingDo not pinch the nose of an infant who is not breathing. Cover both the mouth and the nose with your mouth and breathe slowly （one to one and a half second

21、s per breath）, using enough volume and pressure to make the chest rise.With a small child, pinch the nose closed, cover the mouth with your mouth and breathe at the same rate as for an infant. Rescue breathing should be done in conjunction with chest compressions. （See next section.）Chest Compressio

22、ns on Infants If alone with an unresponsive infant, give five cycles of CPR （compressions and ventilations） for about two minutes before calling 911 or your local emergency number. Use only the tips of the middle and ring fingers of one hand to compress the chest at the sternum （breastbone）, just be

23、low the nipple line, as described in the table below. The other hand may be slipped under the back to provide a firm support. （However, if you can encircle your hands around the chest of the infant, using the thumbs to compress the chest, this is better than using the two-finger method.） Depress the

24、 sternum between a third to a half the depth of the chest at a rate of at least 100 times a minute. Two breaths should be given during a pause after every 30 chest compressionson all infants （excluding newborns）. Continue CPR until emergency medical help arrives.Small Children （ages one to eight） Gi

25、ve five cycles of CPR （compressions and ventilations） for about two minutes before calling 911. Use the heel of one or two hands, as needed, and compress on the breastbone at about the nipple line. Depress the sternum about a third to a half the depth of the chest, depending on the size of the child

26、. The rate should be 100 times per minute. Give two breaths for every 30 chest compressions （30:2 ratio）.Reducing Wound PainWounds always hurt, but the degree of pain will vary according to the nature, location, and severity of the injury. Burns are particularly painful, as are many blisters, cuts,

27、and scrapes. While a puncture wound may hurt less, it could potentially be more serious if left untreated.For any wound, you should take the following steps: Take care of the wound immediately, because even a minor wound can get infected if bacteria are allowed to build up in the wound site. If the

28、wound is minor, you should give first aid at home. If you get a puncture wound or step on a rusty nail, you should see a doctor immediately, because you may need a tetanus shot. If you dont know whether youre due for a tetanus shot, dont take any chances. Call your doctor. If the puncture wound is f

29、rom a human or animal bite, seek emergency medical attention. If the cut is deep or has jagged edges, you may need stitches to close the wound. Clean the wound with water. Avoid using soap, hydrogen peroxide, or iodine, which can irritate the injury. Hold the wound under running water to remove dirt, and use steriled tweezers to remove remaining debris. If you cant get the wound clean, see a doctor, because the dirt could trigger an infection. If there is a large object embedded in the wound, leave it alone and seek emergency help.