语音知识Word文件下载.docx

语音知识Word文件下载.docx

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vowelsound

wewrite

wesay

A

theapple

theeapple

E

theegg

theeegg

I

theice-cream

theeice-cream

O

theorange

theeorange

U

theuglifruit

theeuglifruit

Itisimportanttounderstandthatitiswhatwesaythatmatters,notwhatwewrite.Itisthesoundthatmatters,nottheletterusedinwritingaword.Soweusealong"

beforeavowelsound,notnecessarilybeforeavowel.Lookatthesecases:

with

thehouse

consonant（h）

thuhhouse

consonantsound

thehour

theeour

theuniversity

vowel（u）

thuhyouniversity

theumbrella

theeumbrella

HowtoPronounce-edinEnglish

Thepastsimpletenseandpastparticipleofallregularverbsendin-ed.Forexample:

baseverb

（v1）

pastsimple

（v2）

pastparticiple

（v3）

work

worked

Inaddition,manyadjectivesaremadefromthepastparticipleandsoendin-ed.Forexample:

∙Ilikepaintedfurniture.

Thequestionis:

Howdowepronouncethe-ed?

Theansweris:

In3ways-/Id/or/t/or/d/

Ifthebaseverbendsinoneofthesesounds:

examplebaseverb*:

example

with-ed:

pronounce

the-ed:

extrasyllable?

unvoiced

/t/

want

wanted

/Id/

yes

voiced

/d/

end

ended

/p/

hope

hoped

/t/

no

/f/

laugh

laughed

/s/

fax

faxed

/S/

wash

washed

/tS/

watch

watched

/k/

like

liked

allothersounds,

forexample...

play

played

/d/

allow

allowed

beg

begged

*notethatitisthesoundthatisimportant,nottheletterorspelling.Forexample,"

fax"

endsintheletter"

x"

butthesound/s/;

"

like"

e"

butthesound/k/.

Exceptions

Thefollowing-edwordsusedasadjectivesarepronouncedwith/Id/:

∙aged

∙blessed

∙crooked

∙dogged

∙learned

∙naked

∙ragged

∙wicked

∙wretched

LinkinginEnglish

WhenwesayasentenceinEnglish,wejoinor"

link"

wordstoeachother.Becauseofthislinking,thewordsinasentencedonotalwayssoundthesameaswhenwesaythemindividually.LinkingisveryimportantinEnglish.Ifyourecognizeanduselinking,twothingswillhappen:

1.youwillunderstandotherpeoplemoreeasily

2.otherpeoplewillunderstandyoumoreeasily

Therearebasicallytwotypesoflinking:

∙consonant>

vowel

Welinkwordsendingwithaconsonantsoundtowordsbeginningwithavowelsound

∙vowel>

Welinkwordsendingwithavowelsoundtowordsbeginningwithavowelsound

Inthislessonwelookat:

∙UnderstandingVowelsandConsonants

∙LinkingConsonanttoVowel

∙LinkingVoweltoVowel

UnderstandingVowels&

ConsonantsforLinking

Tounderstandlinking,itisimportanttoknowthedifferencebetweenvowelsoundsandconsonantsounds.HereisatableofEnglishvowelsandconsonants:

vowels

a

e

i

o

u

consonants

b

c

d

f

g

h

j

k

l

m

n

p

q

r

s

t

v

w

x

y

z

Thetableshowsthelettersthatarevowelsandconsonants.Buttheimportantthinginlinkingisthesound,nottheletter.Oftentheletterandthesoundarethesame,butnotalways.

Forexample,theword"

pay"

endswith:

∙theconsonantletter"

y"

∙thevowelsound"

a"

Herearesomemoreexamples:

though

know

endswiththeletter

endswiththesound

uniform

honest

beginswiththeletter

beginswiththesound

LinkingConsonanttoVowel

Whenawordendsinaconsonantsound,weoftenmovetheconsonantsoundtothebeginningofthenextwordifitstartswithavowelsound.

Forexample,inthephrase"

turnoff"

:

Wewriteitlikethis:

turn

off

Wesayitlikethis:

tur

noff

Rememberthatit'

sthesoundthatmatters.Inthenextexample,"

have"

∙theletter"

（vowel）

∙thesound"

v"

（consonant）

Sowelink"

tothenextword"

whichbeginswithavowelsound:

CanIhaveabitofegg?

Ca-nI-ha-va-bi-to-fegg?

LinkingVoweltoVowel

Whenonewordendswithavowelsoundandthenextwordbeginswithavowelsound,welinkthewordswithasortofWorYsound.

oo

º

Ifourlipsareroundattheendofthefirstword,weinsertaWsound:

toooften

whois

soI

doall

tooWoften

whoWis

soWI

doWall

–

Ifourlipsarewideattheendofthefirstword,weinsertaYsound:

Iam

Kayis

theend

sheasked

IYam

KayYis

theYend

sheYasked

RulesofWordStressinEnglish

Therearetwoverysimplerulesaboutwordstress:

1.Onewordhasonlyonestress.（Onewordcannothavetwostresses.Ifyouheartwostresses,youheartwowords.Twostressescannotbeoneword.Itistruethattherecanbea"

secondary"

stressinsomewords.Butasecondarystressismuchsmallerthanthemain[primary]stress,andisonlyusedinlongwords.）

2.Wecanonlystressvowels,notconsonants.

Herearesomemore,rathercomplicated,rulesthatcanhelpyouunderstandwheretoputthestress.Butdonotrelyonthemtoomuch,becausetherearemanyexceptions.Itisbettertotryto"

feel"

themusicofthelanguageandtoaddthestressnaturally.

1Stressonfirstsyllable

rule

Most2-syllablenouns

CHIna,TAble,EXport

Most2-syllableadjectives

SLENder,CLEVer,HAPpy

2Stressonlastsyllable

Most2-syllableverbs

toexPORT,todeCIDE,tobeGIN

3Stressonpenultimatesyllable（penultimate=secondfromend）

Wordsendingin-ic

GRAPHic,geoGRAPHic,geoLOGic

Wordsendingin-sionand-tion

teleVIsion,reveLAtion

Forafewwords,nativeEnglishspeakersdon'

talways"

agree"

onwheretoputthestress.Forexample,somepeoplesay"

teleVIsion"

andotherssay"

TELevision"

.Anotherexampleis:

CONtroversy"

and"

conTROversy"

4Stressonante-penultimatesyllable（ante-penultimate=thirdfromend）

Wordsendingin-cy,-ty,-phyand-gy

deMOcracy,dependaBIlity,phoTOgraphy,geOLogy

Wordsendingin-al

CRItical,geoLOGical

5Compoundwords（wordswithtwoparts）

Forcompoundnouns,thestressisonthefirstpart

BLACKbird,GREENhouse

Forcompoundadjectives,thestressisonthesecondpart

bad-TEMpered,old-FASHioned

Forcompoundverbs,thestressisonthesecondpart

tounderSTAND,tooverFLOW

WhatisWordStress?

InEnglish,wedonotsayeachsyllablewiththesameforceorstrength.Inoneword,weaccentuateONEsyllable.Wesayonesyllableveryloudly（big,strong,important）andalltheothersyllablesveryquietly.

Let'

stake3words:

photograph,photographerandphotographic.Dotheysoundthesamewhenspoken?

No.Becauseweaccentuate（stress）ONEsyllableineachword.Anditisnotalwaysthesamesyllable.Sotheshapeofeachwordisdifferent.

clickwordtohear

shape

total

syllables

stressed

syllable

PHO 

TO 

GRAPH

3

#1

TO 

GRAPH 

ER

4

#2

GRAPH 

IC

#3

ThishappensinALLwordswith2ormoresyllables:

TEACHer,JaPAN,CHINa,aBOVE,converSAtion,INteresting,imPORtant,deMAND,etCETera,etCETera,etCETera

Thesyllablesthatarenotstressedare‘weak’or‘small’or‘quiet’.NativespeakersofEnglishlistenfortheSTRESSEDsyllables,nottheweaksyllables.Ifyouusewordstressinyourspeech,youwillinstantlyandautomaticallyimproveyourpronunciationandyourcomprehension.

TrytohearthestressinindividualwordseachtimeyoulistentoEnglish-ontheradio,orinfilmsforexample.YourfirststepistoHEARandrecogniseit.Afterthat,youcanUSEit!

Therearetwoveryimportantrulesaboutwordstress:

1.Oneword,onestress.（Onewordcannothavetwostresses.Soifyouheartwostresses,youhaveheardtwowords,notoneword.）

2.Thestressisalwaysonavowel.

WhyisWordStressImportant?

>

RulesforSentenceStressinEnglish

Thebasicrulesofsentencestressare:

1.contentwordsarestressed

2.structurewordsareunstressed

3.thetimebetweenstressedwordsisalwaysthesame

Thefollowingtablescanhelpyoudecidewhichwordsarecontentwordsandwhichwordsarestructurewords:

Contentwords-stressed

Wordscarryingthemeaning

Example

mainverbs

SELL,GIVE,EMPLOY

nouns

CAR,MUSIC,MARY

adjectives

RED,BIG,INTERESTING

adverbs

QUICKLY,LOUDLY,NEVER