语音知识Word文件下载.docx

1、vowel soundwe writewe sayAthe applethee appleEthe eggthee eggIthe ice-creamthee ice-creamOthe orangethee orangeUthe ugli fruitthee ugli fruitIt is important to understand that it is what we say that matters, not what we write. It is the sound that matters, not the letter used in writing a word. So w

2、e use a long before a vowel sound, not necessarily before a vowel. Look at these cases:withthe houseconsonant （h）thuh houseconsonant soundthe hourthee ourthe universityvowel （u）thuh youniversitythe umbrellathee umbrellaHow to Pronounce -ed in EnglishThe past simple tense and past participle of all r

3、egular verbs end in -ed. For example:base verb（v1）past simple（v2）past participle（v3）workworkedIn addition, many adjectives are made from the past participle and so end in -ed. For example: I like painted furniture. The question is: How do we pronounce the -ed?The answer is: In 3 ways - / Id/ or / t/

4、 or / d/If the base verb ends in one of these sounds:example base verb*:examplewith -ed:pronouncethe -ed:extra syllable?unvoiced/t/wantwanted/ Id/yesvoiced/d/endended/p/hopehoped/ t/no/f/laughlaughed/s/faxfaxed/S/washwashed/tS/watchwatched/k/likelikedall other sounds,for example.playplayed/ d/allowa

5、llowedbegbegged* note that it is the sound that is important, not the letter or spelling. For example, fax ends in the letter x but the sound /s/; likee but the sound /k/.ExceptionsThe following -ed words used as adjectives are pronounced with /Id/: aged blessed crooked dogged learned naked ragged w

6、icked wretched Linking in EnglishWhen we say a sentence in English, we join or link words to each other. Because of this linking, the words in a sentence do not always sound the same as when we say them individually. Linking is very important in English. If you recognize and use linking, two things

7、will happen:1. you will understand other people more easily 2. other people will understand you more easily There are basically two types of linking: consonant vowelWe link words ending with a consonant sound to words beginning with a vowel sound vowel We link words ending with a vowel sound to word

8、s beginning with a vowel sound In this lesson we look at: Understanding Vowels and Consonants Linking Consonant to Vowel Linking Vowel to Vowel Understanding Vowels & Consonants for LinkingTo understand linking, it is important to know the difference between vowel sounds and consonant sounds. Here i

9、s a table of English vowels and consonants:vowelsaeiouconsonantsbcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyzThe table shows the letters that are vowels and consonants. But the important thing in linking is the sound, not the letter. Often the letter and the sound are the same, but not always.For example, the word pay ends

10、 with: the consonant letter y the vowel sound aHere are some more examples:thoughknowends with the letterends with the sounduniformhonestbegins with the letterbegins with the soundLinking Consonant to VowelWhen a word ends in a consonant sound, we often move the consonant sound to the beginning of t

11、he next word if it starts with a vowel sound.For example, in the phrase turn off:We write it like this:turnoffWe say it like this:turnoffRemember that its the sound that matters. In the next example, have the letter （vowel） the sound v （consonant） So we link to the next word which begins with a vowe

12、l sound:Can I have a bit of egg?Ca-nI-ha-va-bi-to-fegg?Linking Vowel to VowelWhen one word ends with a vowel sound and the next word begins with a vowel sound, we link the words with a sort of W or Y sound. ooIf our lips are round at the end of the first word, we insert a W sound:too oftenwho isso I

13、do alltooWoftenwhoWissoWIdoWallIf our lips are wide at the end of the first word, we insert a Y sound:I amKay isthe endshe askedIYamKayYistheYendsheYaskedRules of Word Stress in EnglishThere are two very simple rules about word stress:1. One word has only one stress. （One word cannot have two stress

14、es. If you hear two stresses, you hear two words. Two stresses cannot be one word. It is true that there can be a secondary stress in some words. But a secondary stress is much smaller than the main primary stress, and is only used in long words.）2. We can only stress vowels, not consonants. Here ar

15、e some more, rather complicated, rules that can help you understand where to put the stress. But do not rely on them too much, because there are many exceptions. It is better to try to feel the music of the language and to add the stress naturally.1 Stress on first syllableruleMost 2-syllable nounsC

16、HIna, TAble, EXportMost 2-syllable adjectivesSLENder, CLEVer, HAPpy2 Stress on last syllableMost 2-syllableverbsto exPORT, to deCIDE, to beGIN3 Stress on penultimate syllable （penultimate = second from end）Words ending in -icGRAPHic, geoGRAPHic, geoLOGicWords ending in -sion and -tionteleVIsion, rev

17、eLAtionFor a few words, native English speakers dont always agree on where to put the stress. For example, some people say teleVIsion and others say TELevision. Another example is:CONtroversy and conTROversy4 Stress on ante-penultimate syllable （ante-penultimate = third from end）Words ending in -cy,

18、 -ty, -phy and -gydeMOcracy, dependaBIlity, phoTOgraphy, geOLogyWords ending in -alCRItical, geoLOGical5 Compound words （words with two parts）For compound nouns, the stress is on the first partBLACKbird, GREENhouseFor compound adjectives, the stress is on the second partbad-TEMpered, old-FASHionedFo

19、r compound verbs, the stress is on the second partto underSTAND, to overFLOWWhat is Word Stress?In English, we do not say each syllable with the same force or strength. In one word, we accentuate ONE syllable. We say one syllable very loudly （big, strong, important） and all the other syllables very

20、quietly.Lets take 3 words: photograph, photographer and photographic. Do they sound the same when spoken? No. Because we accentuate （stress） ONE syllable in each word. And it is not always the same syllable. So the shape of each word is different.click word to hearshapetotalsyllablesstressedsyllable

21、PHOTOGRAPH3#1 TOGRAPHER4#2 GRAPHIC#3This happens in ALL words with 2 or more syllables: TEACHer, JaPAN, CHINa, aBOVE, converSAtion, INteresting, imPORtant, deMAND, etCETera, etCETera, etCETeraThe syllables that are not stressed are weak or small or quiet. Native speakers of English listen for the ST

22、RESSED syllables, not the weak syllables. If you use word stress in your speech, you will instantly and automatically improve your pronunciation and your comprehension.Try to hear the stress in individual words each time you listen to English - on the radio, or in films for example. Your first step

23、is to HEAR and recognise it. After that, you can USE it!There are two very important rules about word stress:1. One word, one stress. （One word cannot have two stresses. So if you hear two stresses, you have heard two words, not one word.） 2. The stress is always on a vowel. Why is Word Stress Impor

24、tant? Rules for Sentence Stress in EnglishThe basic rules of sentence stress are:1. content words are stressed 2. structure words are unstressed 3. the time between stressed words is always the same The following tables can help you decide which words are content words and which words are structure words:Content words - stressedWords carrying the meaningExamplemain verbsSELL, GIVE, EMPLOYnounsCAR, MUSIC, MARYadjectivesRED, BIG, INTERESTINGadverbsQUICKLY, LOUDLY, NEVER