ACCAF4知识点总结供参考Word格式.docx
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Compensatory
Punitive/topunish
Remedies纠正
damages
Imprisonment/fines
1.Caselaw:
madebyjudge/statutelaw成文法:
primarylegislation（madebytheParliament）/secondarylegislation（inexerciseoflaw-makingpowersdelegatedbyParliament）.[注：
Necessityfordelegatedlegislation/secondarylegislation:
moreconvenient;
canhandoverthetaskofspecifyingthelawindetailtoexperts]
2.在caselaw中:
commonlaw一般法[createdbyjudgesthroughtheapplicationoftheprincipleofjudicialprecedent.commonlawdrewoncustoms/equitylaw衡平法:
toresolvedisputeswheredamagesarenotasuitableremedyandtointroducefairnessintothelegalsystem.]
2.不同法院管辖事件的类型
只受理民事案件
Countycourt
只受理刑事案件
Crowncourt
民刑通吃
Magistrate’scourt,highcourt,courtofappeal,supremecourt
只受理一审
Countycourt,magistrate’scourt
只受理上诉
Courtofappeal,supremecourt
一审上诉通吃
Highcourt,crowncourt
Chapter2
1.DoctrineofPrecedence（遵循先例制度的一样规那么）:
somedecisionsmadebyacourtarebindingandsimilarsubsequentlegalcasesshouldbedecidedonthebasisofthelawestablishedinearliercases.
2.能够创建判例法规那么:
SupremeCourt/CourtofAppeal/HighCourt;
不能够创建:
Crown,Magistrates,CountyCourtscannotcreateprecedent.
3.Elementsofjudicialdecision（阻碍法庭裁决的因素）:
rationdecidendi裁决理由[thereasonforthe
decision]/Obiterdicta附带说明[statementmadebytheway,notbinding,butmerelyofpersuasiveauthority]
4.法官又能够因为那些理由拒绝先例（disregardingjudicialprecedent）:
Overrule取代[theprocedurewherebyacourthigherinthelegalhierarchysetsasidealegalrulingestablishedinapreviouscase]/Reverse推翻[aprocedurewherebyacourthigherinthehierarchyreversesthedecisionofalowercourtinthesamecase]/Distinguishing法官的自由裁决[aprecedentisavoidedbyajudgedemonstratingthatthematerialfactsoftwocasesarenotthesame]
5.RulesofStatutoryInterpretation（法的说明）:
theliteralapproach:
theliteralrule[meansthatwordsintheActshouldbegiventheirliteralandgrammaticalmeaningratherthanwhatthejudgethinkstheymean./thegoldenrule:
thisruleisappliedincircumstanceswheretheapplicationoftheliteralruleislikelytoresultinanobviouslyabsurdresult.
thepurposiveapproach:
thejudgeshould,wherenecessary,lookbeyondthewordsofstatutetofindoutthereason/purposeforitsenactment,andthatmeaningshouldbeinterpretedinthelightofthepurpose[Mischiefrule:
purposiveapproach的具体表现形式/whereastatuteisdesignedtoremedyaweaknessinthelaw,thecorrectinterpretationistheonewhichachievesit.]
6.语言处置规那么（法律没有追溯力astatutedoesnothaveretrospectiveeffect）
Chapter3合同法（IMP）
1.合同的概念alegallybindingagreementenforceableinlaw
2.从要约到许诺是不是达到agreement[invitationstotreat要约邀请--offer要约--acceptance许诺----agreement]
3.Terminationofanoffer:
expressrejection/counteroff反要约/lapseoftime/revocationofanoff/death/iftheoffissujecttoacondition,itwilllapseonfailureofthatcondition
4.PrivityofContract合同相对性原那么:
thecommonlawdoctrinethatonlythosearepartytothecontract---haverightsorliabilitiesunderthecontract/havetherighttoenforcethecontract,contractscannotgiverightsorobligationstoothers
Chapter4
1.分类标准
Expressandlmpliedterms:
某个条款是不是通过两边当事人协商同意（agreedbytheparties）
Condition，warrantiesandinnominateterms核心，从属和无名条款：
依照条款重要性
2.免责条款（三观概念）
Anyclausethatattemptstoexempt,orlimit,theliabilityofonepartyforbreachofcontractornegligence
3test:
correctlyincorporatedintothecontract形式正确/wordedclearlytoexcludethebreach措辞清楚/reasonableperstatute内容合理
Chapter5
1.typeofbreach
Repudiatorybreach全然性违约：
refusaltoperform拒绝履行/failuretoperformanentireobligation不履行某项/incapacitation无力履行/breachofcondition违背核心条款/breachofaninnominateterm违背无名条款
Anticipatorybreach预期违约：
未到合同履行时刻，当事人提早说明无法履行；
收到预期违约通知可当即追究违约责任，也可等到履行合同时刻追究责任
Lawfulexcusesfornon-performance开脱责任：
performanceisimpossible因不可预见的情形发生不可履行/尝试履行被拒绝/theotherpartymakeitimpossibleforhimtoperformance/contractisdischargedthroughfrustration形式变更/thepartyhavebeenagreementpermittednon-performance
2.Remedies:
whenabreachoccurs,thecourthastodecidewhattheappropriateremedyshouldbe.
Commonlaw
Damage赔偿金,actionfortheprice,quantummeruit
Equitablelaw衡平法
Specificperformance实际履行，injunction禁令，rescissionofthecontract撤销合同
3.Liquidateddamage违约金：
agenuinepre-estimateoftheloss在订立合同前已做生意定了，有利于解纠纷，若是违约金太高（远大于loss）判为处惩性，那么不可执行
4.specificperformance：
thecourtdirectsapartytocompletetheircontractualobligations
以下几种情形法官可不能让合同继续履行：
courtscannotsupervise法官无力监督履行/personalservice/minorsinvolved
Chapter6Tort侵权法
Awrongfulactagainstanindividualwhichgivesrisetoacivilclaim.
1.过失侵权的4个证明环节（概念标准内容）
Negligence:
Itariseswhenonepersonsuffersdamageorinjurythoughthenegligentact（oromissiontoact）ofanotherperson.
Dutyofcare注意义务（三步走原那么）
foreseeability合理预见原那么
关联性原那么
andfairnessofimposingadutyofcare公平合理地强加注意义务
Abreachofthatduty违背注意义务
rule:
Thetestforestablishingbreachofdutyisanobjectiveone:
abreachofdutyoccursifthedefendant:
”...failstodosomethingwhichareasonableman...woulddo.”
factorstoconsider
probabilityofinjury
seriousnessoftherisk造成损害的严峻性
andpracticability本钱可行性
practice证明是行业误差范围内
persons/professionals
benefit
Thebreachofdutycausedharmtotheclaimant违背义务是致使损失的缘故
butfortest
breakinthechainofcausation切断因果关系链的要素
naturalevent
ofathirdparty原侵权人不承担责任
oftheclaimant
Thelosswarenottooremote主张的补偿合理
Reasonableforesight只补偿违法者能够合理预见的部份
2.抗辩事由
Contributorynegligence一起过失（一样只是减少补偿额，个别情形全数免去）
Volentinonfitinjuria同意不生违法（完全免去）
Chapter7劳动法
1.身份判别
Controltest:
Theamountofcontrolthatonepersonhadovertheother
Integrationtest可不能外包给他人的，不可或缺的
Multipletest/Economicrealitytest
a.Theregularityandmethodofpayment报酬支付频率，支付方式
b.Theownershipoftoolsandequipment是不是提供工具
c.Theregularityofhoursofwork工作时刻
d.Theabilitytodelegateallthework/toprovidesubstitute是不是代理
2.义务
CommonLawDuties
-Employers’commonlawduties
1）Dutyofmutualtrustandconfidence
2）Toprovideworkforworkers
3）Topaywages/remuneration
4）Toindemnifyemployeeagainstexpensesandlosses
5）Toprovideforthecareandsafetyoftheemployee
6）Nodutytoprovidereferencewhenemployeesleave
-Employees’commonlawduties
1）Toobeyreasonableandlawfulorders
2）Toactfaithfully/dutyoffaithfulservice/dutytoaccountforallmoneyandproperty
3）Toexercisereasonableskillandcareinany
activityintheirroleasanemployee/reasonablecompetencetodohisjob
4）Personalservice亲自完成交付的责任
StatutoryDuties
1）Payandequality不能低于国家平均
2）Timeoffwork
3）Tradeunionofficials工会组织罢工能够参加，还要给工资
4）Everywomanhasarighttomaternityleaveandsomeareentitledtomaternitypay
5）Healthandsafety
6）Workingtime:
17week,notexceed48hoursforeach7days除非员工书面同意多工作
7）Flexibleworking
Chapter8
1.辞退通知时刻的计算
1m-2Y:
notlessthan1week
2y-12y:
1weekforeachyear
≥12y:
notlessthan12week
劳动者离职要提早一周通知，合同期满不续那么每工作一年折合一个月工资
2.自动合法
参加非法集合罢工unofficialindustrialaction/对国家平安有要挟
自动不合法
怀孕pregnancy/员工参加工会活动/收购并购时的辞退dismissalontransferofanundertaking/工作存在平安问题/最低工作标准/作息时刻/员工在周天拒绝工作
3.用人单位辞退不妥
Chapter9代理法
1.代理关系成立方式
Expressagreementbetweentheagentandprincipal达到委托代理协议合同，口头书面皆可
Impliedagreement默许没有代理协议但默许存在关系
Ratification追任代理人先履行合同，事后委托人成立合同关系
Withoutconsentofprincipal没有征得委托人同意就成立关系necessity/Estoppel
2.代理权限（3）
Expressauthority明示代理权限
Impliedauthority默许代理权限
Apparent/ostensibleauthority看起来有代理权限，事实上并无
Chapter10合股企业法
1.合股企业（概念）:
therelationshipsthatsubsistsbetweenpersonscarryingonabusinessincommonwithaviewtoprofit.standardpartnershipisnotsseparatelegalentityanditspartnershavefull
personalliabilityforthedebtsofpartnership.
2.Termination/dissolution合股企业解散的债务处置:
payingoffexternaldebts/repayingtothepartnersanyloansoradvances/repayingthepartner’scapitalcontribution/anythingleftoveristhenrepaidtothepartnersintheprofitsharingratio.
3.Termination/dissolution合股企业解散的条件:
expiryofafixedperiodstipulatedinthepartnershipagreement/completionoftheexpresspurposeforwhichthepartnershipwasformed/partnergivesnoticetoleave/anewpartnerisadmittedintothepartnership/deathorbankruptcyofpartner/happeningofanyeventwhichmakescompanycan’tcarryon/onapplicationbyapartnertheCourtmaydecreeadissolutionofthepartnership
4.Soletrade宏观特点:
isnotaseparatelegalentity,thepersonandbusinessareviewedasthesamelegalentity
5.Authority合股人的代理权限:
expressauthority明示代理权限[frompartnershipagreement]/impliedauthority默示代理权限/apparentauthority表面代理权限[已经退伙但其他人不明白]
6.Apartner’sliabilityusuallyextendstotheperiodforwhichwereactuallyapartnerofafirm.合股人只对担任合股人期间合股企业产生的债务有清偿责任
7.LimitedPartnership（LP）特点:
thepartnershipmustberegisterwiththeCompanyRegistry/oneormoreofthepartnersmustbearfull,unlimitedliability/partnerswithlimitedliabilitymaynottakepartinmanagementandcannotusuallybindthebusinessincontract/limitedpartnercannotwithdrawtheircapital
8.LimitedLiabilityPartnership（LLP）特点:
mustberegisteredwiththetheRegistrarofCompanies,wit
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