语言与文化期末简答题复习范围Word格式.docx
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fromthesiteofthecommunication（cf.honeybee’sdance）.
2.Whatarethedifferencesbetweensignlanguageandbodylanguage?
Signlanguageisalanguagewhichusesmanualcommunicationandbodylanguagetoconveymeaning.Itdevelopswithincommunitiesofdeafpeopleandexhibitsthesamelinguisticpropertiesasspokenlanguage.Bodylanguageisaformofhumannon-verbalcommunication.Itconsistsofbodyposture,gestures,facialexpressions,eyemovements,etc.
3.Whilepeoplearetalking,they’realsolookingateachother,andwecanseethattheexpressionsontheirfacesaddagreatdealtowhatthey’resaying.Whatdoesthistellusaboutthevisualaspect（akindofparalinguisticfeature）oflinguisticcommunication?
Communicationisnotcompletedmerelyintheexchangesofwords,especiallyinface-to-facetalk.Communicationisprototypicallymulti-modal.Paralinguisticfeaturesaddtoorevenconverttheliteralmeaningofwhatpeoplesay.
4.Languageacquisitionisoneofthekeyissuesforthestudyoflanguageanditiscloselyrelatedtothestudyofalmostallaspectsoflanguage.Howweacquirelanguageseemstobeamoststraightforwardquestionbutactuallynoonecanprovideadefiniteanswertoit.Inthisarticle,whatanswersdoesNapoliprovidetothequestionthatsheputsforwardinthetitle“HowDoWeAcquireLanguage”?
Theauthorprovidestwoanswers.First,childrenacquirealanguagestepbystep（Paragraphs2-12）;
second,childrenacquirealanguagefollowingtheprinciplesofUniversalGrammar（Paragraphs13-17）.Basedonthetwoanswers,theauthorconcludesthatlanguagelearningisanaturalprocess.
5.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenlanguagelearningandlanguageacquisition?
Thereisanimportantdistinctionmadebylinguistsbetweenlanguageacquisitionandlanguagelearning.Childrenacquirelanguagethroughasubconsciousprocessduringwhichtheyareunawareofgrammaticalrules.Thisissimilartothewaytheyacquiretheirfirstlanguage.Theygetafeelforwhatisandwhatisn’tcorrect.Inordertoacquirelanguage,thelearnerneedsasourceofnaturalcommunication.Theemphasisisonthetextofthecommunicationandnotontheform.YoungstudentswhoareintheprocessofacquiringEnglishgetplentyofonthejobpractice.Theyreadilyacquirethelanguagetocommunicatewithclassmates.
Languagelearning,ontheotherhand,isnotcommunicative.Itistheresultofdirectinstructionintherulesoflanguage.Anditcertainlyisnotanage-appropriateactivityforyouryounglearners.Inlanguagelearning,studentshaveconsciousknowledgeofthenewlanguageandcantalkaboutthatknowledge.Theycanfillintheblanksonagrammarpage.Researchhasshown,however,thatknowinggrammarrulesdoesnotnecessarilyresultingoodspeakingorwring.AstudentwhohasmemorizedtherulesofthelanguagemaybeabletosucceedonastandardizedtestofEnglishlanguagebutmaynotbeabletospeakorwritercorrectly.
6.“Displayrules”isanimportanttermforresearchoncross-culturaldifferencesinemotionalexpression.Howdoyoudefinethisterm?
ListtheJapanesedisplayrulesandtheAmericandisplayrulesassummarizedbyEkmanandFriesen.
Definition:
Displayrulesareasocialgroup'
sinformalnormsaboutwhen,where,andhowoneshouldexpressemotions.
AccordingtothestudyofEkmanandFriesen,Americansshowtheiremotionsnomatterwhetheranotherpersonispresent,whileJapanesedisplayrulesdonotallowJapanesetorevealtheirtruefeelingsinthepresenceofanotherperson.（Para.5）
7.HowdoesMatsumotointerprettheJapaneseandAmericandisplayrules?
HowishisinterpretationdifferentfromEkmanandFriesen’s?
MatsumotointerpretedtheJapaneseandAmericandisplayruleswithtwofactors:
contextsandsocialmeaningsofemotions.Firstly,Americanemotionalexpressionisconsistent,whileJapaneseemotionalexpressioniscontextualized.Secondly,Japaneseshowmorepositiveemotionsandfewernegativeemotionswithingroupstocreatestrongerbonds,andtheydotheoppositewithoutgroupstokeepthesocialdistance.（Paras.9-12）
8.Howdoyouunderstand“Euro-heroism”ascoinedbyMazrui?
Whatdothequotationmarksaroundtheword“discovered”suggest?
“Euro-heroism”istoglorifyEuropeanandWesternachievementsasmuchaspossible.ThequotationmarkssuggestthatthoughtheEuropeansclaimthattheymadethosediscoveries,Mazruidoesnotthinkitistrue.Forexample,beforetheEuropeanstravelledtoVictoriaFalls,nativepeopleandothervisitorshadalreadybeenthere.YetwhenDavidLivingstonespreadthewordtotheworld,hetookthecreditofdiscovery.
9.InEnglish,“sevensins”usuallyrefersthesevendeadlysinsinChristianity.Inthisarticle,MaruicriticizesEurocentrismbyaddressingitssevenbiasesandsometimesrefertothemas“sins”.Whydoesheusesuchastronglyderogatoryterm?
Inareligiouscontext,sinistheactofviolatingGod’swill.Thesevendeadlysins,alsoknownasthecapitalvicesorcardinalsins,isaclassificationofvices（partofChristianethics）thathasbeenusedsinceearlyChristiantimestoeducateandinstructChristiansconcerningfallenhumanity’stendencytosin.Inthecurrentlyrecognizedversion,thesinsareusuallygivenaspride,greed,lust,envy,gluttony,wrathandsloth.
MazruiusessuchastronglyderogatorytermtoindicatethattheEurocentricbiasesareasseriousassinsare.Apartfromusingthetermexplicitlyinseveralplaces,sevenasthenumberofchoicealsoremindsreadersofthesevendeadlysins.
10.HowdoestheEurocentricworldhistorydealwiththeachievementsandsinsofothercultures?
Eurocentrismdeniescredittotheachievementofothersandapportionsdisproportionateblametothesinsofothers.
11.AccordingtoTan,whatcanlanguageabilitytestsmeasureandwhatcantheyneverreveal?
AccordingtoTan,languageabilitytestsmeasurethemasteryofthegrammaticalstructuressuchas“eventhough”aswellaslogicalandsemanticrelationships.Yettheycanneverrevealtheintent,passion,imagery,rhythmsofspeechandnatureofthethoughtsofthepersonwhousesthatlanguage.
12.AccordingtoTan,languagecan“evokeandemotion,avisualimage,acomplexidea,orasimpletruth.Canyougiveanexampleofeachofthesefunctions?
Evokinganemotion:
Iloveyou./Ihateyou.
Evokingavisualimage:
Thewoodsarelovely,dark,anddeep,
ButIhavepromisestokeep,
AndmilestogobeforeIsleep,
AndmilestogobeforeIsleep.
（RobertFrost,StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening）
Evokingacomplexidea:
Languageis“thegreatconduit,wherebymenconveytheirdiscoveries,reasoning,andknowledgetooneanother.（TextA,Unit2）
Evokingasimpletruth:
ThetrainatPlatformFiveistheLondon-YorkExpress.
TomorrowisSaturday.
13.WhydoesTanwincewhenshedescribeshermother’sEnglishas“broken”or“fractured”?
“Broken”and“fractured”areusedtodescribethingsthataredamagedandneededtobefixed.However,ashermotherusesEnglishwitheaseandshecanperfectlyunderstandthattypeofEnglish,thereseemsnoneedthatitshouldbefixed.Furthermore,asadaughter,Tanisreluctanttoimposesuchanegativewordonhermother’slanguage.
14.WhatdoesTan’smotherthinkofTan’swriting?
WhatdoyouthinkTanmeansbysayingthat“Ihadsucceededwhereitcounted”?
Thecomment“soeasytoread”mightbeunderstoodintwoways.First,asTan’smotherreadsherownlifestoriesinthelanguagethatsheisfamiliarwith,shefindsiteasytounderstand.Second,Tan’smothermaynotwanttocomplimentherdaughterfacetoface.ItisimportanttonotethatTan’smotherdoesnotobjecttothestoriesinthebook,whichsuggeststhatthestoriesarelargelytruetohermemory.AsTanwritesabouthermother,shetakeshermother’sfeedbackmoreseriouslythanthecritics’review.Besides,itisalsoaworkforhermotherandherownculturalroots.That’swhyshesays“Ihadsucceededwhereitcounted”.
15.Asalinguafranca,Englishisspreadinggloballyandintheprocessitisdevelopinginto“worldEnglishes”insteadof“worldEnglish”.CanyougivesomeexamplesofdifferentEnglishesintheworldtoday?
Whydoyouthinkthesevarietieshaveemerged?
WorldEnglishesisatermforemerginglocalizedorindigenizedvarietiesofEnglish.ThemostinfluentialmodelofthespreadofEnglishisBrajKachru'
smodelofWorldEnglishes.InthismodelthediffusionofEnglishiscapturedintermsofthreeConcentricCirclesofthelanguage:
TheInnerCircle,theOuterCircle,andtheExpandingCircle,asillustratedinthefollowingfigure:
16.Apartfromtheirwordchoice,inwhatotherwaysdomenandwomentalkdifferently?
Summarizethreepossibledistinctivefeaturesofmen’sandwomen’stalkaccordingtoyourownexperience.
AccordingtoLakoff（1975）,thefollowingsetofbasicassumptionsaboutwhatmarksthelanguageofwomen.
1）Hedges:
Phraseslike"
sortof"
"
kindof"
itseemslike"
2）Emptyadjectives:
divine"
adorable"
gorgeous"
3）Super-politeforms:
"
Wouldyoumind..."
...ifit’snottoomuchtoask"
Isito.k.if...?
"
4）Apologizemore:
I'
msorry,butIthinkthat..."
5）Speaklessfrequently
6）Avoidcoarselanguageorexpletives
7）Tagquestions:
Youdon'
tmindeatingthis,doyou?
.
8）Hyper-correctgrammarandpronunciat
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