生理学基本概念双语解释文档格式.docx

生理学基本概念双语解释文档格式.docx

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后负荷afterload

Afterloadistheloadthatisgiventothemuscleafterthebeginningofthecontraction.

自身调节autoregulation

Incertaincases,atissueororgancanresponddirectlytotheenvironmentalchanges,dependingneitheronnervousnoronhumoralcontrol.Thisformofregulationiscalledauto-regulation.

完全强直收缩completetetanus

Whenthefrequencyofstimulationreachesacriticallevel,thesuccessivecontractionsaresorapidthattheyliterallyfusedtogether,andthecontractionappears

tobecompletelysmoothandcontinuous.Thisiscalledcompletelytetanus.

去极化depolarization

Thechangeinmembranepotentialawayfromtherestingpotentialandtowardthesodiumequilibrium.

入胞endocytosis

Verylargeparticlesenterthecellbyaspecializedfunctionofthecellmembranecalledendocytosis.Theprincipleformsofendocytosisarepinocytosisandphagocytosis.

平衡电位equilibriumpotential

Electrochemicalequilibriumisasteadystate,asintherestingmembranepotentialofacell,inwhichanelectricalpotentialandchemicalpotentialgradientareinbalanceandnonetmovementofchargedparticlesoccurs.

兴奋性excitability

Excitabilityistheabilityofcertainkindsofcells（excitablecell）togenerateactivechangesintheirmembranepotential.Excitabilityisafundamentalpropertycommontoalltissuesandcells.

兴奋excitation

Excitationsignifiesandincreasesinactivity,suchascontractionofamuscle,accelerationoftheheartbeat.

出胞exocytosis

Astimulustosecretecausestheintracellularvesiclestofusewiththeplasmamembraneandtoreleasethevesiclescontentsiscalledexocytosis.

易化扩散facilitateddiffusion

Infacilitateddiffusion,transportproteins（carrierandchannelproteins）hastenthemovementofcertainsubstancesacrossamembranedowntheirconcentrationgradients.

Channelsaremembraneproteinsthatcontainsmall,highlyselectiveaqueouspores.

Channelsusuallyallowspecificion,eg,Na+,K+,Ca2+orCl-tomovedowntheirelectrochemicalgradientsacrossthemembrane.

反馈feedback

Feedbackisaflowofinformationalongaclosedloop.Usually,aconstancyofphysiologicalvariablerequiresafeedbackmechanismthatfeedstheoutputinformationbacktothecontrolsystemsoastomodifythenatureofcontrol.

稳态Homeostasis

Homeostasisisthemaintenanceofaconstantstatewithspecialreferencetotheinternalmedium.

体内invivo

Experimentsperformedonthewholebody.

内环境internalenvironment

Allcellsofthebodyliveintheextracellularfluid,extracellularfluidiscalledtheinternalenvironmentofthebody.

等长收缩isometriccontraction

Tensionincreasesbutthelengthofthemuscledoesnotchangewhenamusclecontracts.

等张收缩isotoniccontraction

Tensionremainsconstantbutthemuscleshortenswhenamusclecontracts.

负反馈negativefeedback

Aregulatedvariableissensed,informationissenttoacontroller,andactionistakentoopposechangefromthedesirevalue.

神经肌肉接头neuromuscularjunction

Thecomplexstructureresponsibleforsignaltransmissionfromnervetoskeletalmuscle.

正反馈positivefeedback

Withpositivefeedback,avariableissensedandactionistakentoreinforcechangeofthevariable,soitpromotesachangeinonedirection.

前负荷preload

Preloadistheloadthatisgiventothemusclepriortoitscontraction.

相对不应期relativerefractoryperiod

Aperiodfollowstheendoftheabsoluterefractoryperiod,duringwhichitispossibletoelicitasecondactionpotential,butthethresholdstimulusintensityishigherthanusual.

复极化repolarization

Shortlyafterdepolarization,thesodiumchannelsbegintocloseandthepotassiumchannelsopenmorethantheynormallydo.Then,rapiddiffusionofpotassiumionstotheexteriorre-establishesthenormalrestingpotential.Thisiscalledrepolarizationofthemembrane.

静息电位restingpotential

Thedifferenceinelectricalpotentialacrossthemembraneofanundisturbedcell,havingapositivesignontheoutsidesurfaceandanegativesignintheinterior.

跳跃传导salutatoryconduction

Conductionofanerveimpulsedownamyelinatednervefiberbyskippingfromnodetonode.

单纯扩散simplediffusion

Diffusionmeanssimplymovementthroughthemembranecausedbyrandommotionofthemoleculesofthesubstances,movingeitherthroughcellmembraneporesorthroughthelipidmatrixofthemembrane.

钠-钾泵sodium-potassiumpump

Thesodium-potassiumpumpisresponsibleforthecoupledactivetransportofNa乜outofcellsandK乜intocells.Sodium-potassiumpumpisalsoanadenosinetriphosphatase,anenzymethatcatalyzesthehydrolysisofATPtoadenosinediphosphate（ADP）.

凝集agglutination

Duringbloodtransfusion,theredbloodcellsaggregatedtogetherinclumpswhichweresufficientlylargetoblockminorbloodvessels.Thisclumpingisknownasagglutination.

血液凝固bloodcoagulation

Thecoagulationsystemconsistsofcofactorsandaseriesofzymogenswhichsequentiallyactivateoneanother,leadingtoformationoffibrinatasiteofvascularinjury.

血型bloodgroup

Bloodgroupsaresystemofgeneticallydeterminedantigenicsubstancesonthemembraneofredbloodcells.

血压bloodpressure

Bloodpressuremeanstheforceexertedbythebloodagainstanyunitareaofthevesselwall.

交叉配血cross-matchtest

Serumfromrecipientistestedagainstthedonor'

scells,andserumfromdonoristestedagainsttherecipient'

scells,thistestiscalledcross-matchingtest.

红细胞沉降率erythrocytesedimentationrate

Whenbloodtowhichananticoagulanthasbeenaddedstandsinanarrowtube,theredcellsgraduallysediment,leavingaclearzoneofplasmaabove.Theerythrocytesedimentationrateismeasuredasthelengthtocolumnofclearplasmaafteronehour.

红细胞生成素erythropoietin

Erythropoietinisahormonesecretedbythekidneyswhichstimulateshemoglobinsynthesisanderythropoiesis.

Inmanycasesfibrinwithinbloodvesselsisrapidlydissolvedtorestorethefluidityoftheblood,andinothersthefibrinbecomeshyalinizedorisremovedbyphagocytesandreplacedbyconnectivetissue.Theprocessofliquefactionoffibrinisknownasfibrinolysis.

血红蛋白hemoglobin

Hemoglobinisachromoproteinfoundintheredbloodcellsandhavingagreataffinityforoxygen.

自动节律性autorhythmicity

Autorhythmicityistheabilitytoinitiateitsownbeat.Manycardiactissuesarefoundtohaveautorhythmicity,forexamplesinoatrialnode,intraventriculartractsandPurkinjecells.Inadditiontothecardiactissue,thesmoothmuscleofthegastrointestinaltracthasalsoautorhythmicity.

容量血管capacitancevessels

Theveinshavewidelumenandcontainagreatervolumeofbloodthananyothersectionofthecirculationdoes,thustheveinsarereferredtoasthecapacitancevessels.

心动周期cardiaccycle

Thecardiaceventsthatoccurfromthebeginningofoneheartbeattothebeginningofthenextarecalledacardiaccycle.Cardiaccycleiscomposedoftwoperiods:

systoleanddiastole.

心指数cardiacindex

Cardiacindexisthecardiacoutputpersquaremeterofbodysurfacearea.

心输出量cardiacoutput

Theproductofthefrequencyofpumping（heartrate）andthestrokevolumeisthecardiacoutput;

itisalsocalledminutevolume.

心力储备cardiacreserve

Theabilityofthehearttoadaptneedoforganismforexpellingalargerquantityof

bloodabovethebasallevel.

心血管中枢cardiovascularcenter

Thecardiovascularcentersareresponsibleforintegrationofsensoryinformationandsubsequentmodificationofefferentautonomicnerveactivitytotheheartandbloodvessels.

中心静脉压centralvenouspressure

Thevenouspressureasmeasuredattherightatrium.

代偿间歇compensatorypause

Thepausebetweentheextrabeatandthenextnormalbeatisslightlylongerthantheusualbeatinterval,whichiscalledcompensatorypause.

舒张压diastolicpressure

Diastolicpressureisthelowestbloodpressureinanarteryduringthediastoleoftheheart.

有效不应期effectiverefractoryperiod

Thedurationfromthebeginningofphase0to-60mVofrepolarizationfailstoproduceactionpotentialtoanystimulus,nomatterhowstrong.ThisdurationiscalledERP.IntheERP,theexcitabilityisalmostzero.

射血分数ejectionfraction

Theproportionoftheend-diastolicvolumethatisejected（i.e.strokevolume/enddiastolicvolume）.

心电图electrocardiogram

Thesynchronizeddepolarizationsspreadingthroughtheheartcausecurrentsthatestablishfieldpotential,whosedifferencescanbeamplifiedanddetectedbyelectrodesplacedonthebodysurface.Therecordproducediscalledelectrocardiogram.

交换血管exchangevessel

Thecapillariesaretubesformedbyasinglelayerofendothelialcells,.Theycreateaverylargeareawherethematerialexchangesbetweenbloodandthetissuecellstakeplace.

心音heartsound

Whenthevalvesclose,thevanesofthevalvesandthesurroundingfluidsvibrateundertheinfluenceofthesuddenpressuredifferentialsthatdevelop,givingoffsoundthattravelsinalldirectionsthroughthechest.Thesesoundsarecalledheartsounds.

异常自身调节heterometricautoregulation

Regulationofcardiacoutputasaresulto