生理学基本概念双语解释文档格式.docx

1、后负荷 afterloadAfterload is the load that is given to the muscle after the beginning of the contraction.自身调节 autoregulationIn certain cases, a tissue or organ can respond directly to the environmental changes, depending neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called auto-

2、regulation.完全强直收缩 complete tetanusWhen the frequency of stimulation reaches a critical level, the successive contractions are so rapid that they literally fused together, and the contraction appearsto be completely smooth and continuous. This is called completely tetanus.去极化 depolarizationThe change

3、 in membrane potential away from the resting potential and toward the sodium equilibrium.入胞 endocytosisVery large particles enter the cell by a specialized function of the cell membrane called endocytosis. The principle forms of endocytosis are pinocytosis and phagocytosis.平衡电位 equilibrium potential

4、Electrochemical equilibrium is a steady state, as in the resting membrane potential of a cell ,in which an electrical potential and chemical potential gradient are in balance and no net movement of charged particles occurs.兴奋性 excitabilityExcitability is the ability of certain kinds of cells （excita

5、ble cell） to generate active changes in their membrane potential. Excitability is a fundamental property common to all tissues and cells.兴奋 excitationExcitation signifies and increases in activity, such as contraction of a muscle, acceleration of the heart beat.出胞 exocytosisA stimulus to secrete cau

6、ses the intracellular vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane and to release the vesicles contents is called exocytosis.易化扩散 facilitated diffusionIn facilitated diffusion, transport proteins （carrier and channel proteins） hasten the movement of certain substances across a membrane down their conce

7、ntration gradients.Channels are membrane proteins that contain small, highly selective aqueous pores.Channels usually allow specific ion, eg ,Na+,K +,Ca2+ or Cl- to move down their electrochemical gradients across the membrane.反馈 feedbackFeedback is a flow of information along a closed loop. Usually

8、, a constancy of physiological variable requires a feedback mechanism that feeds the output information back to the control system so as to modify the nature of control.稳态 HomeostasisHomeostasis is the maintenance of a constant state with special reference to the internal medium.体内 in vivoExperiment

9、s performed on the whole body.内环境 internal environmentAll cells of the body live in the extracellular fluid, extracellular fluid is called the internal environment of the body.等长收缩 isometric contractionTension increases but the length of the muscle does not change when a muscle contracts.等张收缩 isoton

10、ic contractionTension remains constant but the muscle shortens when a muscle contracts.负反馈 negative feedbackA regulated variable is sensed,information is sent to a controller, and action is taken to oppose change from the desire value.神经肌肉接头 neuromuscular junctionThe complex structure responsible fo

11、r signal transmission from nerve to skeletal muscle.正反馈 positive feedbackWith positive feedback, a variable is sensed and action is taken to reinforce change of the variable, so it promotes a change in one direction.前负荷 preloadPreload is the load that is given to the muscle prior to its contraction.

12、相对不应期 relative refractory periodA period follows the end of the absolute refractory period, during which it is possible to elicit a second action potential, but the threshold stimulus intensity is higher than usual.复极化 repolarizationShortly after depolarization, the sodium channels begin to close an

13、d the potassium channels open more than they normally do. Then, rapid diffusion of potassium ions to the exterior re-establishes the normal resting potential. This is called repolarization of the membrane.静息电位 resting potentialThe difference in electrical potential across the membrane of an undistur

14、bed cell, having a positive sign on the outside surface and a negative sign in the interior.跳跃传导 salutatory conductionConduction of a nerve impulse down a myelinated nerve fiber by skipping from node to node.单纯扩散 simple diffusionDiffusion means simply movement through the membrane caused by random m

15、otion of the molecules of the substances,moving either through cell membrane pores or through the lipid matrix of the membrane.钠-钾泵 sodium-potassium pumpThe sodium-potassium pump is responsible for the coupled active transport of Na 乜 out of cells and K乜 into cells. Sodium-potassium pump is also an

16、adenosine triphosphatase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate （ADP）.凝集 agglutinationDuring blood transfusion, the red blood cells aggregated together in clumps which were sufficiently large to block minor blood vessels. This clumping is known as agglutination.血液凝固

17、 blood coagulationThe coagulation system consists of cofactors and a series of zymogens which sequentially activate one another, leading to formation of fibrin at a site of vascular injury.血型 blood groupBlood groups are system of genetically determined antigenic substanceson the membrane of red bloo

18、d cells.血压 blood pressureBlood pressure means the force exerted by the blood against any unit area of the vessel wall.交叉配血 cross-match testSerum from recipient is tested against the donors cells, and serum from donor is tested against the recipients cells, this test is called cross-matching test.红细胞

19、沉降率 erythrocyte sedimentation rateWhen blood to which an anticoagulant has been added stands in a narrow tube, the red cells gradually sediment, leaving a clear zone of plasma above. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is measured as the length to column of clear plasma after one hour.红细胞生成素 erythrop

20、oietinErythropoietin is a hormone secreted by the kidneys which stimulates hemoglobin synthesis and erythropoiesis.In many cases fibrin within blood vessels is rapidly dissolved to restore the fluidity of the blood, and in others the fibrin becomes hyalinized or is removed by phagocytes and replaced

21、 by connective tissue. The process of liquefaction of fibrin is known as fibrinolysis.血红蛋白 hemoglobinHemoglobin is a chromoprotein found in the red blood cells and having a great affinity for oxygen.自动节律性 autorhythmicityAutorhythmicity is the ability to initiate its own beat. Many cardiac tissues ar

22、e found to have autorhythmicity, for example sinoatrial node, intraventricular tracts and Purkinje cells. In addition to the cardiac tissue, the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract has also autorhythmicity.容量血管 capacitance vesselsThe veins have wide lumen and contain a greater volume of bloo

23、d than any other section of the circulation does, thus the veins are referred to as the capacitance vessels.心动周期 cardiac cycleThe cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called a cardiac cycle . Cardiac cycle is composed of two periods: systole

24、 and diastole.心指数 cardiac indexCardiac index is the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area.心输出量 cardiac outputThe product of the frequency of pumping （heart rate） and the stroke volume is the cardiac output; it is also called minute volume.心力储备 cardiac reserveThe ability of the heart t

25、o adapt need of organism for expelling a larger quantity ofblood above the basal level.心血管中枢 cardiovascular centerThe cardiovascular centers are responsible for integration of sensory information and subsequentmodification of efferent autonomic nerve activity to the heart and blood vessels.中心静脉压 cen

26、tral venous pressureThe venous pressure as measured at the right atrium.代偿间歇 compensatory pauseThe pause between the extra beat and the next normal beat is slightly longer than the usual beat interval, which is called compensatory pause.舒张压 diastolic pressureDiastolic pressure is the lowest blood pr

27、essure in an artery during the diastole of the heart.有效不应期 effective refractory periodThe duration from the beginning of phase 0 to -60mV of repolarization fails to produce action potential to any stimulus, no matter how strong. This duration is called ERP. In the ERP, the excitability is almost zer

28、o.射血分数 ejection fractionThe proportion of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected （i.e. stroke volume/end diastolic volume）.心电图 electrocardiogramThe synchronized depolarizations spreading through the heart cause currents that establish field potential, whose differences can be amplified and detecte

29、d by electrodes placed on the body surface. The record produced is called electrocardiogram.交换血管 exchange vesselThe capillaries are tubes formed by a single layer of endothelial cells,. They create a very large area where the material exchanges between blood and the tissue cells take place.心音 heart

30、soundWhen the valves close, the vanes of the valves and the surrounding fluids vibrate under the influence of the sudden pressure differentials that develop, giving off sound that travels in all directions through the chest. These sounds are called heart sounds.异常自身调节 heterometric autoregulationRegulation of cardiac output as a result o