化学专业英语复习资料文档格式.docx

化学专业英语复习资料文档格式.docx

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Namingcations

Monatomicions（takethenameoftheelementitself）

Zn2+（zincion）,Al3+（aluminumion）

Note:

foranelement（especiallytransitionmetals）withmorethan1positiveion,thepositivechargeoftheionisindicatedbyaRomannumeralinparenthesesfollowingthenameofthemetal:

Fe2+---iron（II）ion,Cu+---copper（I）ion

Ifunsure,usetheRomannumeraldesignationofchargesaspartofthename.

Awidelyusedoldermethodtodistinguishbetweentwodifferentlychargedionsofametalistoapplytheending–ousforthelowerchargedionsor-icforthehigherchargedions,respectively.TheyareaddedtotherootoftheLatinnameoftheelement.

Fe2+（ferrousion）,Cu+（cuprousion）

Fe3+（ferricions）,Cu2+（cupricion）

Polyatomiccations:

Groupsofatomswithapositivecharge.

NH4+---ammoniumionHg22+---mercury（I）ionormercurousion

Hg2+---mercury（II）ion,ormercuricion

Commonions：

Cations:

ammonium,cesium,copper（I）orcuprous,hydrogen,lithium,potassium,silver,sodium.（+1ions）;

barium,cadmium,calcium,cobalt（II）orcobaltous,copper（II）orcupric,iron（II）orferrous,lead（II）orplumbous,magnesium,manganese（II）ormanganous,mercury（I）ormercurous,mercury（II）ormercuric,nickel,strontium,tin（II）orstannous,zinc.（2+ions）;

aluminum,chromium（III）orchromic,iron（III）orferric.（3+ions）

Naminganions

Monatomicanions（namedbydroppingtheendingofthenameoftheelementandaddingtheending-ide）:

Polyatomicanions

onlyafewpolyatomicanionsendin-ide:

OH-hydroxideion,CN-cyanideionO22-peroxideion,N3-azideion

Oxyanions（polyatomicandoxygen-containing）:

whenanelementformstwooxyanions,thenameoftheonecontainingmoreoxygenendsin-ate;

thenameoftheonewithlessoxygenendsin-ite:

NO2-nitriteion,SO32-sulfiteion,NO3-nitrateion,SO42-sulfateion

whentheseriesofanionsofagivenelementextendstothreeorfourmembers,prefixesarealsoemployed.Theprefixhypo-indicateslessoxygen,andper-moreoxygen:

Eg:

ClO-hypochloriteion,ClO2-chloriteionClO3-chlorateion,ClO4-perchlorateionchlor---rootofchlorine

Practice:

selenateion（?

）;

seleniteion（?

）perbromate（?

）,hypobromite（?

）

exceptionstorules:

permanganateionisMnO4-,manganateionisMnO42-.ferrate-（orperferrate）FeO4-，chromateCrO42-,dichromateCr2O72-

Polyatomicanionswithhydrogenions

Theseionsarenamedbyprefixingthewordhydrogenordihydrogen,asappropriate,tothenameofthehydrogen-freeanion.Alternativewayistousetheprefixbi-:

HCO3-hydrogencarbonate（orbicarbonate）ion;

HSO4-hydrogensulfate（orbisulfate）ion;

H2PO4-dihydrogenphosphateion

Commonions

Anions:

acetate,azide,bromide,chlorate,chloride,cyanide,dihydrogenphosphate,fluoride,hydride,hydrogencarbonateorbicarbonate,hydrogensulfateorbisulfate,hydroxide,iodide,nitrate,nitrite,perchlorate,permanganate,thiocyanate,cyanate.（1-ions）;

carbonate,chromate,dichromate,ferrate,hydrogenphosphate,oxide,peroxide,sulfate,sulfide,sulfite,thiosulfate.（2-ions）;

nitride,phosphate,phosphide.（3-ions）.

Namingioniccompounds

Writetheformulasforioniccompoundsbycombiningthenamesofcationsandanions:

bariumbromide-BaBr2

copper（II）nitrateorcupricnitrate-Cu（NO3）2

aluminumoxide-Al2O3

mercury（I）chlorideormercurouschloride

Hg2Cl2

ferricoxide,Fe2O3

Practice:

Namethefollowingcompounds:

（a）K2SO4；

（b）Ba（OH）2；

（c）FeCl3（d）NH4Cl；

（e）Cr2O3；

（f）Co（NO3）2

Writethechemicalformulasforthefollowingcompounds:

（a）calciumcarbonate;

（b）sodiumfluoride;

（c）iron（II）perchlorate;

（d）magnesiumsulfate;

（e）silversulfide;

（f）leadnitrate.

NamingAcids

Anacidhereisdefinedasasubstancewhosemoleculesyieldhydrogenions（H+）whendissolvedinwater.

Rule:

Thenameofannon-oxyacidisrelatedtothenameoftheanion.Anionswiththeending-ideassociatewithacidshavinghydro-prefixandan-icending:

Chloride（Cl-）tohydrochloricacid（HCl）sulfide（S2-）tohydrosulfuricacid（H2S）

onlywatersolutionofHCliscalledhydrochloricacid,thepurecompoundiscalledhydrogenchloride.

Namingtheacids

Foracidsderivedfromoxyanions（oxyacids）

Rule:

Iftheanionhasan–ate（-ite）ending,thecorrespondingacidisgivenan–ic（-ous）ending.Prefixesareretained:

Exercises

Namethefollowingacids:

（a）HCN,HSCN;

（b）HNO3,HNO2（c）H2SO4（d）H2SO3

Givethechemicalformulasfor

（a）hydrobromicacid;

（b）phosphoricacid.

Namingmolecularcompounds

Theproceduresfornamingbinary（two-element）molecularcompoundsaresimilartothosefornamingioniccompounds.Theelementwiththepositivenatureisnamedfirstandalsoappearsfirstinthechemicalformula.Thesecondelementisnamedwithan–ideending.

Eg.:

HClhydrogenchloride

Namingmolecularcompounds

Prefixesareusedindifferentiatingseveralbinarycompoundsformedbetweennonmetals.

CO-carbonmonoxideCO2-carbondioxide

MeaningoftheGreekprefixes:

mono-

（1）;

di-

（2）;

tri-（3）;

tetra-（4）;

penta-（5）;

hexa-（6）;

hepta-（7）;

octa-（8）;

nona-（9）;

deca-（10）

whentheprefixendsinaoroandthenameoftheanionbeginswithavowel（suchasoxide）,theaoroisoftendropped.Theprefixmono-isusuallyomittedforthefirst-namedelement.

Cl2O-dichlorinemonoxide;

NF3-nitrogentrifluoride;

N2O4-dinitrogentetroxide;

P4S10-tetraphosphorusdecasulfide;

Namethefollowingcompounds:

（a）SO2;

（b）PCl5;

（c）N2O3

Givethechemicalformulafor（a）silicontetrabromide（b）disulfurdichloride

ExercisesforReview

Sodiumfluoride,magnesiumbromide,hydrogeniodide,sodiumazide,calciumphosphide,copper（I）chloride,potassiumazide,manganese（IV）oxide

K2SO3,Ca（MnO4）2,Ba3（PO4）2,H3PO4,H2SO4,HNO3,ZnO,BaO2,FeO,CuSO4•5H2O,Mn3（PO4）2

Metaphosphoricacid,phosphoricacid,hypophosphorousacid,phosphorousacid,（hypo）phosphite,（meta）phosphate

ammoniumacetate,perbromicacid,potassiumnitrite,sodiumperoxide,ammoniumdichromate,sodiumcarbonate,silvernitrate,aluminumacetate,hydrosulfuricacid,sulfurousacid,perferricacid,perferrateion,hypoioditeion,iodicacid,chlorousacid,hydrochloricacid

B2O3,SiO2,PCl3,SiCl4,BrF3,IBr,N2S5,PCl3,SiS,S4N2

Exercise:

learningforuse

Whenammoniumthiocyanateandbariumhydroxideoctahydratearemixedatroomtemperature,anendothermicreactionoccurs.（writethechemicalequation）.Asaresultofthisreaction,thetemperatureofthesystemdropsfromabout20°

Cto-9°

C.

Thereactionofpowderedaluminumwithferricoxide（knownasthethermitereaction）ishighlyexothermic.Oncestarted,thereactionproceedsvigorouslytoformaluminumoxideandmolteniron.（writethechemicalequation）

NomenclatureforOrganicCompoundsandGroups

WhyDoWeNeedaSeparateSetofRules?

Examinesometypicalorganiccompounds（Nametheseusingtypicalcovalentrules）

CH4:

CarbontetrahydrideC2H6:

Dicarbonhexahydride

Thatwasn’tsobad,right?

Howaboutthese:

C4H10:

TetracarbondecahydrideC5H12:

Pentacarbonhydride

Seemypoint?

Memorizingtoomanyprefixesforlargenumbers

Isomers：

Ifthat’snotenough,howaboutthisone:

Rules

•Identifythelongestunbranchedchainofcarbons

•Nameitasnormal

•Identifythebranch

•Nameitbutgiveita“–yl”suffix

•Putthenamesofallbranchesfirst,thenputnameoflongestchain

•Putthenumberofthecarbonthebranchison（startnumberingfromtheclosestsingleend）

Nomenclatureforsaturatedhydrocarbons

a.Alkanes（CnH2n+2烷烃）---+ane

forn<

=4：

methane（甲烷）,ethane（乙烷）,propane（丙烷）,butane（丁烷）.

Alkane

forn>

4,fornormalalkanes

AGreekprefix+anesuffix（if“-aa-”,dropone“a”）

5pent（a）-,6hex（a）-,7hept（a）-,8oct（a）-,9non（a）-,10dec（a）-,11undec（a）-,12dodec（a）-,13tridec（a）-,14tetradec（a）-,15pentadec（a）-16hexadec（a）-,17heptadec（a）,18octadec（a）-,19nonadec（a）-,20eicos（a）-,22docos（a）-,24tetracos（a）-,30triac