化学专业英语复习资料Word文档下载推荐.docx
《化学专业英语复习资料Word文档下载推荐.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《化学专业英语复习资料Word文档下载推荐.docx(15页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
Namingcations
Monatomicions(takethenameoftheelementitself)
Zn2+(zincion),Al3+(aluminumion)
Note:
foranelement(especiallytransitionmetals)withmorethan1positiveion,thepositivechargeoftheionisindicatedbyaRomannumeralinparenthesesfollowingthenameofthemetal:
Fe2+---iron(II)ion,Cu+---copper(I)ion
Ifunsure,usetheRomannumeraldesignationofchargesaspartofthename.
Awidelyusedoldermethodtodistinguishbetweentwodifferentlychargedionsofametalistoapplytheending–ousforthelowerchargedionsor-icforthehigherchargedions,respectively.TheyareaddedtotherootoftheLatinnameoftheelement.
Fe2+(ferrousion),Cu+(cuprousion)
Fe3+(ferricions),Cu2+(cupricion)
Polyatomiccations:
Groupsofatomswithapositivecharge.
NH4+---ammoniumionHg22+---mercury(I)ionormercurousion
Hg2+---mercury(II)ion,ormercuricion
Commonions:
Cations:
ammonium,cesium,copper(I)orcuprous,hydrogen,lithium,potassium,silver,sodium.(+1ions);
barium,cadmium,calcium,cobalt(II)orcobaltous,copper(II)orcupric,iron(II)orferrous,lead(II)orplumbous,magnesium,manganese(II)ormanganous,mercury(I)ormercurous,mercury(II)ormercuric,nickel,strontium,tin(II)orstannous,zinc.(2+ions);
aluminum,chromium(III)orchromic,iron(III)orferric.(3+ions)
Naminganions
Monatomicanions(namedbydroppingtheendingofthenameoftheelementandaddingtheending-ide):
Polyatomicanions
onlyafewpolyatomicanionsendin-ide:
OH-hydroxideion,CN-cyanideionO22-peroxideion,N3-azideion
Oxyanions(polyatomicandoxygen-containing):
whenanelementformstwooxyanions,thenameoftheonecontainingmoreoxygenendsin-ate;
thenameoftheonewithlessoxygenendsin-ite:
NO2-nitriteion,SO32-sulfiteion,NO3-nitrateion,SO42-sulfateion
whentheseriesofanionsofagivenelementextendstothreeorfourmembers,prefixesarealsoemployed.Theprefixhypo-indicateslessoxygen,andper-moreoxygen:
Eg:
ClO-hypochloriteion,ClO2-chloriteionClO3-chlorateion,ClO4-perchlorateionchlor---rootofchlorine
Practice:
selenateion(?
);
seleniteion(?
)perbromate(?
),hypobromite(?
)
exceptionstorules:
permanganateionisMnO4-,manganateionisMnO42-.ferrate-(orperferrate)FeO4-,chromateCrO42-,dichromateCr2O72-
Polyatomicanionswithhydrogenions
Theseionsarenamedbyprefixingthewordhydrogenordihydrogen,asappropriate,tothenameofthehydrogen-freeanion.Alternativewayistousetheprefixbi-:
HCO3-hydrogencarbonate(orbicarbonate)ion;
HSO4-hydrogensulfate(orbisulfate)ion;
H2PO4-dihydrogenphosphateion
Commonions
Anions:
acetate,azide,bromide,chlorate,chloride,cyanide,dihydrogenphosphate,fluoride,hydride,hydrogencarbonateorbicarbonate,hydrogensulfateorbisulfate,hydroxide,iodide,nitrate,nitrite,perchlorate,permanganate,thiocyanate,cyanate.(1-ions);
carbonate,chromate,dichromate,ferrate,hydrogenphosphate,oxide,peroxide,sulfate,sulfide,sulfite,thiosulfate.(2-ions);
nitride,phosphate,phosphide.(3-ions).
Namingioniccompounds
Writetheformulasforioniccompoundsbycombiningthenamesofcationsandanions:
bariumbromide-BaBr2
copper(II)nitrateorcupricnitrate-Cu(NO3)2
aluminumoxide-Al2O3
mercury(I)chlorideormercurouschloride
Hg2Cl2
ferricoxide,Fe2O3
Practice:
Namethefollowingcompounds:
(a)K2SO4;
(b)Ba(OH)2;
(c)FeCl3(d)NH4Cl;
(e)Cr2O3;
(f)Co(NO3)2
Writethechemicalformulasforthefollowingcompounds:
(a)calciumcarbonate;
(b)sodiumfluoride;
(c)iron(II)perchlorate;
(d)magnesiumsulfate;
(e)silversulfide;
(f)leadnitrate.
NamingAcids
Anacidhereisdefinedasasubstancewhosemoleculesyieldhydrogenions(H+)whendissolvedinwater.
Rule:
Thenameofannon-oxyacidisrelatedtothenameoftheanion.Anionswiththeending-ideassociatewithacidshavinghydro-prefixandan-icending:
Chloride(Cl-)tohydrochloricacid(HCl)sulfide(S2-)tohydrosulfuricacid(H2S)
onlywatersolutionofHCliscalledhydrochloricacid,thepurecompoundiscalledhydrogenchloride.
Namingtheacids
Foracidsderivedfromoxyanions(oxyacids)
Rule:
Iftheanionhasan–ate(-ite)ending,thecorrespondingacidisgivenan–ic(-ous)ending.Prefixesareretained:
Exercises
Namethefollowingacids:
(a)HCN,HSCN;
(b)HNO3,HNO2(c)H2SO4(d)H2SO3
Givethechemicalformulasfor
(a)hydrobromicacid;
(b)phosphoricacid.
Namingmolecularcompounds
Theproceduresfornamingbinary(two-element)molecularcompoundsaresimilartothosefornamingioniccompounds.Theelementwiththepositivenatureisnamedfirstandalsoappearsfirstinthechemicalformula.Thesecondelementisnamedwithan–ideending.
Eg.:
HClhydrogenchloride
Namingmolecularcompounds
Prefixesareusedindifferentiatingseveralbinarycompoundsformedbetweennonmetals.
CO-carbonmonoxideCO2-carbondioxide
MeaningoftheGreekprefixes:
mono-
(1);
di-
(2);
tri-(3);
tetra-(4);
penta-(5);
hexa-(6);
hepta-(7);
octa-(8);
nona-(9);
deca-(10)
whentheprefixendsinaoroandthenameoftheanionbeginswithavowel(suchasoxide),theaoroisoftendropped.Theprefixmono-isusuallyomittedforthefirst-namedelement.
Cl2O-dichlorinemonoxide;
NF3-nitrogentrifluoride;
N2O4-dinitrogentetroxide;
P4S10-tetraphosphorusdecasulfide;
Namethefollowingcompounds:
(a)SO2;
(b)PCl5;
(c)N2O3
Givethechemicalformulafor(a)silicontetrabromide(b)disulfurdichloride
ExercisesforReview
Sodiumfluoride,magnesiumbromide,hydrogeniodide,sodiumazide,calciumphosphide,copper(I)chloride,potassiumazide,manganese(IV)oxide
K2SO3,Ca(MnO4)2,Ba3(PO4)2,H3PO4,H2SO4,HNO3,ZnO,BaO2,FeO,CuSO4•5H2O,Mn3(PO4)2
Metaphosphoricacid,phosphoricacid,hypophosphorousacid,phosphorousacid,(hypo)phosphite,(meta)phosphate
ammoniumacetate,perbromicacid,potassiumnitrite,sodiumperoxide,ammoniumdichromate,sodiumcarbonate,silvernitrate,aluminumacetate,hydrosulfuricacid,sulfurousacid,perferricacid,perferrateion,hypoioditeion,iodicacid,chlorousacid,hydrochloricacid
B2O3,SiO2,PCl3,SiCl4,BrF3,IBr,N2S5,PCl3,SiS,S4N2
Exercise:
learningforuse
Whenammoniumthiocyanateandbariumhydroxideoctahydratearemixedatroomtemperature,anendothermicreactionoccurs.(writethechemicalequation).Asaresultofthisreaction,thetemperatureofthesystemdropsfromabout20°
Cto-9°
C.
Thereactionofpowderedaluminumwithferricoxide(knownasthethermitereaction)ishighlyexothermic.Oncestarted,thereactionproceedsvigorouslytoformaluminumoxideandmolteniron.(writethechemicalequation)
NomenclatureforOrganicCompoundsandGroups
WhyDoWeNeedaSeparateSetofRules?
Examinesometypicalorganiccompounds(Nametheseusingtypicalcovalentrules)
CH4:
CarbontetrahydrideC2H6:
Dicarbonhexahydride
Thatwasn’tsobad,right?
Howaboutthese:
C4H10:
TetracarbondecahydrideC5H12:
Pentacarbonhydride
Seemypoint?
Memorizingtoomanyprefixesforlargenumbers
Isomers:
Ifthat’snotenough,howaboutthisone:
Rules
•Identifythelongestunbranchedchainofcarbons
•Nameitasnormal
•Identifythebranch
•Nameitbutgiveita“–yl”suffix
•Putthenamesofallbranchesfirst,thenputnameoflongestchain
•Putthenumberofthecarbonthebranchison(startnumberingfromtheclosestsingleend)
Nomenclatureforsaturatedhydrocarbons
a.Alkanes(CnH2n+2烷烃)---+ane
forn<
=4:
methane(甲烷),ethane(乙烷),propane(丙烷),butane(丁烷).
Alkane
forn>
4,fornormalalkanes
AGreekprefix+anesuffix(if“-aa-”,dropone“a”)
5pent(a)-,6hex(a)-,7hept(a)-,8oct(a)-,9non(a)-,10dec(a)-,11undec(a)-,12dodec(a)-,13tridec(a)-,14tetradec(a)-,15pentadec(a)-16hexadec(a)-,17heptadec(a),18octadec(a)-,19nonadec(a)-,20eicos(a)-,22docos(a)-,24tetracos(a)-,30triac