高中化学同分异构体High school chemistry isomersWord文档格式.docx

高中化学同分异构体High school chemistry isomersWord文档格式.docx

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overlap"

themoleculesasawholeortorotatethemalongthesymmetricalelements（surfaces,lines）;

（2）namedaftersystemnomenclature,withthesamename.

Homologuestructuresimilartothatonthemoleculesdifferoneorafew-materialCH2groupsclaimedhomologue.Structurereferstothesimilarmoleculescontainingfunctionalgroupsshouldhavethesamekindandnumber,suchasethanolandpropyleneglycolasthehomologue,butnothomologueinethyleneglycolandglycerol.

Iftwostructuresareknowntodeterminewhethertheyhavethesamemolecularformula,thenumberofnonsaturationsismuchfasterthanthenumberofhydrogenatoms.InthecaseofC.O.N.Clandotheratomicnumbercorrespondingtothesamecondition,thesamemolecularformulamustbethesamewithoutsaturation.Suchas

Bothofthemhavethesamenumberofatoms,andthey'

reallfour,sothetwostructureshavethesamemolecularformula.Thestructureisobviouslydifferent,sotheyshouldbeisomers.

Itisconvenienttousethenumberofcommonedgestodeterminetherelationshipbetweentwoknownstructuraltypes.Ifthenumberofcommonedgesisthesame,andthesamesequenceofthebenzeneringsisthesame,thetwoarethesamesubstances;

Ifthenumberofcommonedgesisthesame,andthesequenceofthebenzeneringsisdifferent,thetworepresentisomers.Ifthenumberofcommonedgesisdifferent,thenthetwoarenotisomers,noraretheythesamesubstance.See[practice1-3].

（1-1）thefollowingfourexpressionsarethesimplestructureofthefourtypesofpheromonesofthecottonseedweevil,whicharetheisomersofeachother.

Thereare10carbonatomsinit,andallofthemhave11carbonatoms,includingone-CH2OH,whichistwomorehydrogensthanone-CHO,sotheyarenotisomers.Theformulaisasix-memberedring,whichisaquaternaryring.Thetwostructuresaredifferent,sotheyareisomersofeachother.

（1-2）thefollowinggroupsofsubstancesbelongtothesameisomers,whichbelongtothesamefamily,whichbelongtothesamefamily,whichareneitherhomologousnordifferent.

1.5.

Aceticacidandstearicacid,ethaneandaminoaceticacid,benzoicacidandterephthalicacid

Itistheisomer,themolecularformulaisC7H8O,

Buttheformerisaromaticalcohol,thelatterisphenolic;

Thegroupisahomologue,whichbelongstoaseriesofunarylipids,andthemolecularcompositionis16-CH2.Inthesameisomer,thenitroalkaneandaminoacidsofthecarboncountareeachother.ThegroupcontainsdifferentcarbonNumbers,notisomers,bothofwhichcontaincarboxyl-COOH,buthavedifferentcarboxylgroupsandarenothomologous.Itisimportanttonotethatthec-csinglekeycanrotatearoundthekeyaxis,sothetwostructuresarethesame,indicatingthesamesubstance.

Thestructureofthenaphthalenemoleculecanbeexpressedasor,thetwoareequivalent.Benzopyreneisastrongcarcinogen（foundinchimneyash,coaltar,burningsmokeandexhaustfrominternalcombustionengines）.Itsmoleculescomposedoffivemergerofbenzenering,theformulacanbeexpressedas（Ⅰ）or（Ⅱ）:

（Ⅰ）（Ⅱ）

It'

sthesamething.TheexistingstructuralformulaA,B,C,D

A,B,C,D

Amongthem:

and（Ⅰ）,（Ⅱ）equivalentformulais（）;

And（Ⅰ）,（Ⅱ）isomersis（）.

[resolution]（Ⅰ）asthebenchmark,thegraphicsfromthepaperstickpaperbackagainafterturn180degreestotherightforAquickDtype,theDtypeonpaper45degreescounterclockwiserotationforAquicktypeA.Therefore,A,Dand（Ⅰ）,（Ⅱ）type.Canalsobe（Ⅱ）asAbenchmark,will（Ⅱ）graphicsonpapercounterclockwiserotate180degreesforAquickAtype,（Ⅱ）onpapercounterclockwiserotate135degreesforAquickDtype.

Fromthepointofmolecules,isC20H12（Ⅰ）type,BtypeisC20H12,andCtypeisC19H12,soBisⅠ,Ⅱisomers,andCtypeisnot.Theansweris

（1）AD;

（2）B.

Therearesixpairsofcommonedgesofthethickcyclicaromatichydrocarbons,andthetwocommonedgesofAandDaresix,andtheorderoffivebenzeneringsisthesame,sothetworepresentthesamesubstance.AandB（orDandB）havesixedges,buttheorderofthebenzeneringsisdifferent,sothey'

reisomersofeachother.Thec-typefivebenzeneringisthesamesevenedges,soCandtheotherthreearenotisomers,notthesamesubstance.

2hydrocarbonisomerism

2.1heterogeneityofalkanes（isomerismofcarbonframes）

C1-c6carbonchainheterogeneity:

CH4,C2H6,C3H8isomer;

C4h102,c5h123,c6h145.

2.2isomerism（theheterogeneityofthecarbonframeandthepositionofthedoublebondorthethreekeyfunctionalgroup）

Therearethreeisomersofa2-carbonchainofbutyleneC4H8:

Theisomerizationofbenzenehomologues（heterogeneityofsidechaincarbonframeisomerizationandlateralchainposition）,suchastheC9H12,thereare7isomers:

Theheterogeneityofthemonogenicsubstituentsof3hydrocarbon（insteadoftheequivalenthydrogenmethod）

Halogenatedhydrocarbons,alcohols,aldehydes,carboxylicacids,andaminescanalllookatasinglesubstitutionofhydrocarbons.Determinethattheirisomerscanreplacetheequivalenthydrogenmethod.

Equivalenthydrogenconcept

Theequivalenthydrogenintheorganicmoleculesiscalledtheequivalenthydrogen,andtheequivalentofthehydrogenatominthemoleculeisthefollowing:

sequivalenttothehydrogenthat'

sattachedtothesamecarbonatom.

Theequivalentofthehydrogenatomonthesamecarbonatom.Suchasnewpentane（canbeviewedasthefourmethylreplacedthemethanemoleculesmadeupofthefourhydrogenatoms）,equivalent,itsfourmethylhydrogenatomsonthemethylcompletelyequivalent,thatistosaynewmoleculesofthepentane12Hatomsareequivalent.

Theatomsinthemoleculeareequivalenttothehydrogenatomsinthemirrorimage.The18Hatomsinthemoleculeareequivalent.

Thesubstitutionofequivalenthydrogenmethodfortherelationshipoftheequivalenthydrogenatomcaneasilydeterminethenumberofisomersoforganiccompounds.Themethodistowriteouttheisomersofthehydrocarbon,andobservehowmanydifferenthydrogenatomsareinthemolecule.

TheC3H7Xisacarbonchain,therearetwodifferenttypesofisomersC4H9X,andtherearefourisomers

C5H11X3carbonchain,thereare8isomers

Here,theunitarysubstituentsX,whichcanbeatoms,suchashalogenatoms,orradicals,suchas-oh,-nh2,-cho,-cooh,HCOO,etc.Therefore,therearefourtypesofbutyl-C4H9,anditcanbeconcludedthattherearefourisomersofbutanol,butylamine,glutaric,penicacidandbutylformate.

Theisomerismof3cyclichydrocarbons

Forexample,feiandanthraceneareisomersofisomers,andthestructureofthefifeissimpleanalysisofthestructureofphi,andachlorinesubstituteofthePhilippinesiscommon（B）.

A.fourkindsofb.fivec.10kindsd.14kinds

Hint:

findtheaxisofsymmetryofthefifestructure,andtheanswerisobvious.

ThereareeightdifferentisomersofbenzeneinthemolecularformulaofC11H16

[parsing]analkylsubstitutedbenzene[c6h5-c5h11]canbethoughtofasahydrogeninaphenylinsteadofpentane,andthereare8isomers,sothereare8differentisomersofC11H16.

[3-2]therearefourpossibleisomersofanilinewith-c4h9,andtheirstructureissimplified

Tip:

turntheproblemintoahydrogeninbutane

Themolecularstructureoftheblue-alkanesisatotalof4typesofchloroplastinthesampleofthebluealkanes

themolecularstructureissymmetricalwithblue"

handle"

.

Thenumberofsubstituentsforsomehydrocarbonisoftengiven,andthestructureoftheanti-pushhydrocarbonmoleculeisdescribed.Forexample:

（1）therearefourtypesofalkanescontaininglessthan10carbons,andtherearefourdifferentones.Theyare:

2.

ThereisonlyonechloroplastintheknownolefinsC6H12,andthestructureoftheolefinsis

Theheterogeneityofthebinary（ortriples）ofthehydrocarbon

4.1orderedmethod（1move1）

Inordertosolveproblems,anorderlymethodshouldfollowcertaincluesandstepstoexploreawayofthinking.Orderlymethodwasappliedtosolvetheproblemofmultiplealternativesofhydrocarbonisomersstepsequenceis:

writeaheterogeneouscarbon,invariouscarbonframeinturnagaintomakeafirstfunctionalgroups,andthenmoveonthebasisofthesecondfunctionalgroup,andsoon,isamove.

Therearefourisomersofdichloropropane,andtheirstructureissimple

Thereisonlyonecarbonchain（notincludingthering）.SoI'

mgoingtohaveachlorineatomoncarbon1,andthenI'

mgoingtomovethesecondonetotheone,two,three,threeisomers.Andthenwe'

regoingtoputachlorineonthenumbertwocarbon,andthenthesecondchlorineisonlygoingtobeabletoconnecttocarbonnumbertwo,sowehavefourisomers.Inthecaseofthesolution,youshouldbec