大学英语四级考试议论文写作精讲Word下载.docx
《大学英语四级考试议论文写作精讲Word下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《大学英语四级考试议论文写作精讲Word下载.docx（9页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。
英文段落的这种各个句子与主题的关联性被称作段落的统一性。
请看以下两例：
（1）
Birdsbuildtheirnestsinallkindsofplaces.Somearehighintrees,onthesidesofbuildingsoronthetopofhillswhileothersontheground,infieldsorbystreambanks.Birdsalsousevariousnestingmaterialstobuildtheirnests,includingsticks,mud,stones,grassandsoon.Somebirdsareabletochangetobesuitablefordifferentconditions.They’llbuildtheirnestswherevertheycanfindaspotandusewhatevermaterialstheycanfind.Butotherbirdswillbuildtheirnestsonlyincertainplacesanduseonlycertainmaterials.
（2）
"
Cultureshock"
occursasaresultoflackofunderstandinginanewculture.Ithappenstopeoplewhohavebeensuddenly"
transplantedabroad"
.Newcomersmaybeanxiousbecausetheydonotspeakthelanguage,knowthecustoms,orunderstandpeople’sbehaviorindailylife.Thevisitorfindsthat"
yes"
maynotnecessarilymean"
yes,"
thatfriendlinessdoesnotalwaysmeanfriendship,orthatstatementsthatappeartobeseriousarereallyintendedasjokes.Theforeignermaybeunsureastowhentoshakehandsorembrace,whentoinitiateconversations,orhowtoapproachastranger.Thenotionof"
cultureshock"
helpexplainfeelingsofbewildermentanddisorientation.Languageproblemsdonotaccountforallthefrustrationsthatpeoplefeel.Whenoneisdeprivedofeverythingthatwasoncefamiliar,suchasunderstandingatransportationsystem,knowinghowtoregisterforuniversityclasses,orknowinghowtomakefriends,difficultiesincopingwiththenewsocietymayarise.
（2）语篇的连贯性
英语议论文的段落多采取直线展开式，即段落开始直接切入主题，并给出事实、例证、推理等。
英语议论文段落这种展开方式是形成其语篇连贯的基础。
语篇的连贯是指段落中各句的意义通过某种有序的排列（如时间顺序、因果顺序、逻辑顺序等）而相互关联。
在论述该段落主题的时候，每后一个句子都是建立在前面一个句子的基础之上的。
如果去掉段落中的一个句子，这种连贯便会受到影响，就会造成读者在理解上的困难。
3．议论文中心段落的主题句及其论据、议论文中常用的词句与短语
（1）议论文中心段落的主题句及其论据
一篇议论文能否获得高分与其中心段落主题句的质量不无关联，而主题句质量的高低则又取决于审题的好坏和论据的选择（即所选的论据在逻辑性、说理性、准确性及与主题内容的关联性等方面是否都经得起推敲）。
需要明确的是，中心段落只应有两个组成部分：
段落的主题句和支持主题句的论据。
段落的主题句也应有两个部分组成，即：
主题句=主题+作者对主题的看法或态度，两者缺一不可。
假设应试者被要求写一篇有关吸烟的议论文，那么SMOKING就是中心段落的主题。
请看下面这个主题句：
Smokingisahabitofmanymen.
该主题句暴露出两个问题：
（1）作者审题不清；
（2）作者没有表明对主题的看法或态度。
一般说来，议论文要求应试者阐明自己对某问题的看法或态度。
因此当我们拿到议论文的题目以后，要认真审题，权衡某事的利与弊，然后确定我们的立场。
如何构建段落的主题句呢？
拿到议论文的题目以后，经认真审题后，用英文列出你所能想起的与主题有关的例证。
我们还用吸烟这个话题为例：
SMOKING
1．Smokingcancausesuchadiseaseaslungcancer.
2．Reportssaythatmerely3gramsofnicotinecankillalargeanimal.
3．Expertssaythatsmokingonecigarettecanreduceone’slifebyabout15
minutesandthatchainsmokingisevenmorehazardous.
4．Smokingafteramealcanalsodisturbone’sdigestivesystem.
5．Heavysmokingcanseriouslyaffectanadult’ssexuality.
6．Smokingdoesharmtosecond-handsmokersaswell.
7．Smokingmakesone’smouthsmell.
8．Thelifeexpectancyofsmokersisshorterthanthatofnonsmokers.
9．Smokinginbedmaycausefire..
根据上面所列出的七个句子，我们可以选择以下两个主题句，即：
<
Smokingisabadhabit.
Smokingisabadhabitthatdoesalotofharmtohumanhealth.
第一个主题句表明了作者的态度，但不如第二个具体，因此在展开中心段落时不仅要谈吸烟对人体健康的不良影响，还要涉及吸烟在其它方面造成的危害。
这样的段落考生较难掌握。
因此主题句越是相对地具体段落就越好展开。
但这并不等于说第一个主题句不好；
如果主题句太过具体，段落可展开的范围就会过窄。
如果范围较窄，有些考生所能列出的例证就会相对较少，整篇文章写下来后可能达不到所要求的字数。
因此选择哪一个主题句要视具体情况而定。
用于支持段落主题句的论据其实就是我们开始列出的那些例证，但应视主题句所涉及范围的大小而有所取舍。
下面我们就上面的两个主题句分别构建两个不同的中心段落：
Smokingisabadhabit.Foronething,smokinginbedmaycauseaterriblefire.Foranother,regularsmokingmakesone’smouthsmellbad.Andworstofall,cigarettesmokingdoesgreatharmtohumanhealth.Inmanycases,cigarettehasprovedtobethedirectcauseofsuchafataldiseaseascancer-henceitsnickname,"
CancerStick"
.Expertssaythatsmokingonecigarettecanreduceone’slifebyabout15minutesandthatchainsmokingisfarmorehazardous.Recentfindingsofmedicalresearchshowthatevenatinydropofnicotine（about3gramsinweight）cankillalargeanimallikeahorse.Somemedicalreportshavealsoprovedthatheavysmokingwouldseriouslyaffectanadult’ssexuality,andsmokingafteramealalsodisturbsone’sdigestivesystem.Cigarettesmokingnotonlyjeopardizesthephysicalhealthofasmoker,italsoaffectsthehealthofanonsmokerwhopassivelyinhalesthepollutedairintohisorherlungswhenheorsheisexposedtoawindingshroudofcigarettesmoke.Theimpactonsuchpassivesmokers（alsocalledsecond-handsmokers）,accordingtotheexpertsinthemedicalfield,canbeevenmoredamaging,andthatiswhysmokingisusuallyprohibitedinmostpublicplaces.（211words）
Smokingisabadhabitthatdoesalotofharmtohumanhealth.Cigarettesmokingdoesgreatharmtohumanhealth.Inmanycases,cigarettehasprovedtobethedirectcauseofsuchafataldiseaseascancer-henceitsnickname,"
.Expertssaythatsmokingonecigarettecanreduceone’slifebyabout15minutesandthatchainsmokingisfarmorehazardous.Recentfindingsofmedicalresearchshowthatevenatinydropofnicotine（about3gramsinweight）cankillalargeanimallikeahorse.Somemedicalreportshavealsoprovedthatheavysmokingwouldseriouslyaffectanadult’ssexuality,andsmokingafteramealalsodisturbsone’sdigestivesystem.Cigarettesmokingnotonlyjeopardizesthephysicalhealthofasmoker,italsoaffectsthehealthofanonsmokerwhopassivelyinhalesthepollutedairintohisorherlungswhenheorsheisexposedtoawindingshroudofcigarettesmoke.Theimpactonsuchpassivesmokers（alsocalledsecond-handsmokers）,accordingtotheexpertsinthemedicalfield,canbeevenmoredamaging,andthatiswhysmokingisusuallyprohibitedinmostpublicplaces.（196words）
（2）议论文中常用的词句与短语
一．数据对比用语：
1.…aresimilarintheirrangeofindicators
2.…cause/leadtoarapid/slowincrease/decreaseinthenumber/amountof…
3.…cause…todrop…
4.…climbdramaticallyfrom…to…
5.…constitutesabout…percent…
6.…continuetorise/fall…
7.…continuetowiden/shorten…
8.…declinestolessthan…percent.
9.…drop/falltoasmany/much/littleas…
10.…fall/rise/increase/decreasedramatically
11.…fluctuatesbetween…
12.…growonlymarginallyfrom…to…
13.…increase/decreaseslowly
14.…increase/decreaselightly
15.…isdoubled
16.…isinverselyproportionalto…
17.…issignificantlylower/higherthan…
18.…leadtoanincreasednumber/amountof…
19.…leveloff/remainconstantat…
20.…lowerthepercentageof…
21.…maintainapproximatelythesamenumberof…
22.…narrowdownto…
23.…occupyagreaterpercentageof…
24.…peak/topat…
25.…rangefrom…to…
26.…remainbelow…
27.…rise/fall/increase/decreasesharply
28.…riseabove…
29.…risetoapproximately…
30.…takeuponethirdof…
31.…timessmaller/largerthan…
32.…totals/amountsto/reaches/arrivesat/staysat…
33.…variesgreatly/slightlybetween…and…
34.Averynoticeabletrendisthesteadyincrease/decreasein…
35.Asisshownin/Ascanbeseenfrom/Accordingto----thetable/table/
graph/piechart/barchart/figure/statistics/diagramshows/
illustrates/describes/indicates/revealsthat…
36.Itisclear/apparentfrom---thetable/graph/piechart/barchart/
figure/
37.itreachedapeakof…
statistics/diagramthat…
38.thenumber/amountof…consumedperhead/perperson…
39.Thenumberof…remainsstable.
40.Thenumberof…remainsunchanged.
41.Thenumbertapersoff.
42.Thepercentagehasbeenfallingsteadily.
43.Thepercentageislessthanthatof…
44.Thetable/graph/piechart/barchart（columngraph）/figure/statistics
shows...
45.Therearemanyvariationsinnumbersof…
46.Thereisagradualincrease/decrease…
47.Thereisalargeincrease/decreasein…
48.Thereisareductionin…
49.Thereisasignificantincrease/risein…
50.Thereisasmallerpercentageof…
51.Thereisanobviousincrease/decreasein…
52.Thereisnotagreatdealofdifferencebetweenthepercentageof…
三．连词：
1.accordingly
2.additionally
3.also
4.besides
5.but
6.furthermore
7.however
8.inaddition
9.moreover
10.nevertheless
11.onthecontrary
12.so
13.therefore
14.thus
15.what’smore
16.yet
17.despite…
18.inspiteof…
19.otherwise
20.insteadof
21.alternatively
四．归纳用语:
1.aboveall
2.allinall
3.mostimportantly
4.worstofall
5.asaresult
6.briefly
7.consequently
8.eventually
9.finally
10.generally
11.inconclusion
12.ingeneral
13.insummary
14.toendwith
15.tosumup
16.inbrief
五．表示顺序用语：
1.first/second/third/fourth…
2.firstofall
3.firstly/secondly/thirdly/fourthly…
4.foronething/foranother
10.inthefirst/second/thirdplace
11.last/lastofall
12.lastbutnotleast
13.lastly
14.next
15.ontheonehand/ontheotherhand
16.then
17.toconclude
19.toendwith
20.tostartwith/tobeginwith
六．表示个人观点用语：
1.Ithink…
2.Inmyopinion,
3.Ipersonallythink…
4.Iamfortheopinionthat…
5.Tomyknowledge…
6.Tomyunderstanding…
7.AsIseeit,
8.Formyownpart,
9.Myopinionisthat…
10.Asforme…
11.AsfarasIamconcerned…
12.FromwhereIstand…
13.Ibelieve…
14.Iconsider…
15.Iholdtheopinion…
16.Imaintainth
升级会员 